{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018.json",
  "id": "ukpga/2018/29",
  "title": "Civil Liability Act 2018",
  "long_title": "An Act to make provision about whiplash claims and the personal injury discount rate.",
  "citation": "2018 c. 29",
  "type": "ukpga",
  "year": "2018",
  "number": "29",
  "version": "current",
  "date": "2018-12-20",
  "revised": true,
  "valid_from": "2021-05-31",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "unapplied_effects": 0,
  "provisions": [
    {
      "path": "introduction",
      "kind": "introduction",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Introductory text",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/introduction",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "Whiplash",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1/crossheading/whiplash-injuries",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Whiplash injuries",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
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    },
    {
      "path": "section/1",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "“Whiplash injury” etc",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-1",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/whiplash-injuries"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/2",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "Power to amend section 1",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-2",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/whiplash-injuries"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1/crossheading/damages",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Damages",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/3",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "3",
      "heading": "Damages for whiplash injuries",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-3",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/damages"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/4",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "4",
      "heading": "Review of regulations under section 3",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-4",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/damages"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/5",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "5",
      "heading": "Uplift in exceptional circumstances",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-5",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/damages"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1/crossheading/settlement-of-whiplash-claims",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Settlement of whiplash claims",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/6",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "6",
      "heading": "Rules against settlement before medical report",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-6",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/settlement-of-whiplash-claims"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/7",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "7",
      "heading": "Effect of rules against settlement before medical report",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-7",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/settlement-of-whiplash-claims"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/8",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "8",
      "heading": "Regulation by the Financial Conduct Authority",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-8",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/settlement-of-whiplash-claims"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1/crossheading/interpretation",
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      "number": null,
      "heading": "Interpretation",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/9",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "9",
      "heading": "Interpretation",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-9",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/interpretation"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "Personal injury discount rate",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/10",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "10",
      "heading": "Assumed rate of return on investment of damages",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-10",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/3",
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      "number": "3",
      "heading": "Miscellaneous and general",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/11",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "11",
      "heading": "Report on effect of Parts 1 and 2",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-11",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/12",
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      "number": "12",
      "heading": "Regulations",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-12",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/13",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "13",
      "heading": "Extent",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-13",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/14",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "14",
      "heading": "Commencement",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-14",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/15",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "15",
      "heading": "Short title",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-liability-act-2018/section-15",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3"
    }
  ],
  "outstanding_effects": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/29",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-10-29T09:04:37.871831+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}