{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-procedure-rules-1998/rule-31.16",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-procedure-rules-1998/rule-31.16.json",
  "legislation": "uksi/1998/3132",
  "legislation_title": "The Civil Procedure Rules 1998",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/civil-procedure-rules-1998",
  "path": "rule/31.16",
  "kind": "rule",
  "number": "31.16",
  "heading": "Disclosure before proceedings start",
  "text": "(1) This rule applies where an application is made to the court under any Act for disclosure before proceedings have started.\n(2) The application must be supported by evidence.\n(3) The court may make an order under this rule only where—\n(a) the respondent is likely to be a party to subsequent proceedings;\n(b) the applicant is also likely to be a party to those proceedings;\n(c) if proceedings had started, the respondent’s duty by way of standard disclosure, set out in rule 31.6, would extend to the documents or classes of documents of which the applicant seeks disclosure; and\n(d) disclosure before proceedings have started is desirable in order to—\n(i) dispose fairly of the anticipated proceedings;\n(ii) assist the dispute to be resolved without proceedings; or\n(iii) save costs.\n(4) An order under this rule must—\n(a) specify the documents or the classes of documents which the respondent must disclose; and\n(b) require them, when making disclosure, to specify any of those documents—\n(i) which are no longer in their control; or\n(ii) in respect of which they claim a right or duty to withhold inspection.\n(5) Such an order may—\n(a) require the respondent to indicate what has happened to any documents which are no longer in their control; and\n(b) specify the time and place for disclosure and inspection.\n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
  "extent": "E+W",
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F1",
      "text": "Word in rule 31.16(4)(b) substituted (1.10.2026) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2026 (S.I. 2026/817), rules 1(3), 10(10)(a)(i)"
    },
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F2",
      "text": "Word in rule 31.16(4)(b)(i) substituted (1.10.2026) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2026 (S.I. 2026/817), rules 1(3), 10(10)(a)(ii)"
    },
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F3",
      "text": "Words in rule 31.16(4)(b)(ii) substituted (1.10.2026) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2026 (S.I. 2026/817), rules 1(3), 10(10)(a)(iii)"
    },
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F4",
      "text": "Word in rule 31.16(5) substituted (1.10.2026) by The Civil Procedure (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2026 (S.I. 2026/817), rules 1(3), 10(10)(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F5",
      "text": "Words in rule 31.16 omitted (31.12.2020) by virtue of The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 (S.I. 2019/521), regs. 1(1), 10(4) (with reg. 22) (as amended by S.I. 2020/1493, regs. 1(1), 9(2)(e); 2020 c. 1, Sch. 5 para. 1(1)"
    },
    {
      "type": "I",
      "label": "I1",
      "text": "Rule 31.16 in force at 26.4.1999, see Signature"
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f1",
      "text": "An application for disclosure before proceedings have started is permitted under section 33 of the Supreme Court Act 1981(c. 54) or section 52 of the County Courts Act 1984 (c. 28)."
    }
  ],
  "outstanding_effects": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1998/3132/rule/31.16",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-10-29T11:12:59.276840+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}