{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/criminal-procedure-rules-2025/rule-21.1",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/criminal-procedure-rules-2025/rule-21.1.json",
  "legislation": "uksi/2025/909",
  "legislation_title": "The Criminal Procedure Rules 2025",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/criminal-procedure-rules-2025",
  "path": "rule/21.1",
  "kind": "rule",
  "number": "21.1",
  "heading": "When this Part applies",
  "text": "This Part applies in a magistrates’ court and in the Crown Court where a party wants to introduce evidence of bad character within the meaning of section 98 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003.\n[Note. Under section 98 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003, evidence of a person’s bad character means evidence of, or of a disposition towards, misconduct on that person’s part, other than evidence that—\n(a) has to do with the alleged facts of the offence; or\n(b) is evidence of misconduct in connection with the investigation or prosecution.\nUnder section 100(1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003, evidence of a non-defendant’s bad character is admissible if—\n(a) it is important explanatory evidence;\n(b) it has substantial probative value in relation to a matter which—\n(i) is a matter in issue in the proceedings, and\n(ii) is of substantial importance in the context of the case as a whole; or\n(c) all parties to the proceedings agree to the evidence being admissible.\nThe section explains requirements (a) and (b). Unless the parties agree to the evidence being admissible, it may not be introduced without the court’s permission.\nUnder section 101(1) of the Criminal Justice Act 2003, evidence of a defendant’s bad character is admissible if—\n(a) all parties to the proceedings agree to the evidence being admissible;\n(b) the evidence is introduced by the defendant, or is given in answer to a question asked by the defendant in cross-examination which was intended to elicit that evidence;\n(c) it is important explanatory evidence;\n(d) it is relevant to an important matter in issue between the defendant and the prosecution;\n(e) it has substantial probative value in relation to an important matter in issue between the defendant and a co-defendant;\n(f) it is evidence to correct a false impression given by the defendant; or\n(g) the defendant has made an attack on another person’s character.\nSections 102 to 106 of the Act supplement those requirements. The court must not admit evidence under (d) or (g) if, on an application by the defendant, the court concludes that to do so would be unfair.]",
  "extent": "E+W",
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [
    {
      "type": "I",
      "label": "I1",
      "text": "Rule 21.1 in force at 6.10.2025, see Preamble"
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f1",
      "text": "2003 c. 44."
    }
  ],
  "outstanding_effects": [
    {
      "type": "word inserted",
      "affecting": "uksi/2026/721",
      "affecting_title": "The Criminal Procedure (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 2026"
    },
    {
      "type": "word omitted",
      "affecting": "uksi/2026/721",
      "affecting_title": "The Criminal Procedure (Amendment) (No. 2) Rules 2026"
    }
  ],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2025/909/rule/21.1",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-10-28T21:12:44.140935+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}