{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/digital-markets-competition-and-consumers-act-2024/section-228",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/digital-markets-competition-and-consumers-act-2024/section-228.json",
  "legislation": "ukpga/2024/13",
  "legislation_title": "Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/digital-markets-competition-and-consumers-act-2024",
  "path": "section/228",
  "kind": "section",
  "number": "228",
  "heading": "Aggressive practices",
  "text": "(1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a commercial practice involves an aggressive practice if it uses harassment, coercion or undue influence.\n(2) In determining whether a commercial practice uses harassment, coercion or undue influence, account must be taken of—\n(a) the nature of the practice;\n(b) the timing and location of the practice;\n(c) whether the practice involves the use of any threatening or abusive language or behaviour;\n(d) whether the practice exploits any vulnerability of a consumer (including any vulnerability of a kind mentioned in section 247(4));\n(e) whether the practice involves a threat to take action which cannot legally be taken;\n(f) whether the practice requires a consumer to take onerous or disproportionate action in order to exercise rights that the consumer has in relation to a product.\n(3) In this section—\n(a) “coercion” includes the use or threat of physical force;\n(b) “undue influence” means exploiting a position of power in relation to a consumer so as to apply pressure in a way which significantly limits the consumer’s ability to make an informed decision.",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [
    {
      "type": "I",
      "label": "I1",
      "text": "S. 228 not in force at Royal Assent, see s. 339(1)"
    },
    {
      "type": "I",
      "label": "I2",
      "text": "S. 228 in force at 6.4.2025 by S.I. 2025/272, reg. 2(1)(3)"
    }
  ],
  "outstanding_effects": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/13/section/228",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T03:35:09.592730+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}