# The Environmental Targets (Biodiversity) (England) Regulations 2022 Draft 2022, ISBN 9780348242966 These Regulations set long-term targets in respect of three matters within the priority area of biodiversity under section 1 of the Environment Act 2021 (c. 30). These Regulations also set a target in relation to the abundance of species in accordance with section 3 of the Environment Act 2021. The Regulations specify the standard to be achieved in respect of each target and the date by which it must be achieved. Made under: Environment Act 2021 (Section 1, Section 3, Section 6, Section 143) PDFs: Printed copy https://openlegislation.uk/draft-environmental-targets-biodiversity-england-regulations-2022/pdf/ukdsi_9780348242966_en.pdf; Revised UK Explanatory Memorandum https://openlegislation.uk/draft-environmental-targets-biodiversity-england-regulations-2022/pdf/ukdsiem_9780348242966_en_001.pdf; UK Draft Explanatory Memorandum https://openlegislation.uk/draft-environmental-targets-biodiversity-england-regulations-2022/pdf/ukdsiem_9780348242966_en.pdf ## Introductory text Draft Regulations laid before Parliament under sections 4(8) and 143(5)(b) of the Environment Act 2021, for approval by resolution of each House of Parliament. Environmental Protection, England Made *** Coming into force *** The Secretary of State makes these Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by sections 1, 3, 6(1) and 143(1) of the Environment Act 2021 (“the 2021 Act”). In accordance with section 3(4) of the 2021 Act, the Secretary of State is satisfied that meeting the species abundance target referred to in regulation 11 will halt a decline in the abundance of species. In accordance with section 4(1) and (2) of the 2021 Act, the Secretary of State has sought advice from persons the Secretary of State considers to be independent and to have relevant expertise, and is satisfied that the targets in these Regulations can be met. In accordance with sections 4(8) and 143(5)(b) of the 2021 Act, a draft of these Regulations has been laid before, and approved by resolution of, each House of Parliament. ## Part 1: Introduction ## 1 Citation, commencement, extent and application (1) These Regulations may be cited as the Environmental Targets (Biodiversity) (England) Regulations 2022. (2) These Regulations come into force on the day after the day on which they are made. (3) These Regulations extend to England and Wales but apply in relation to England only, including the territorial sea adjacent to England. ## 2 Interpretation In these Regulations— “the 2021 Act” means the Environment Act 2021; “the 2022 Red List Index for England” means the document entitled “Outcome Indicator Framework for England’s 25 Year Environment Plan: D5 Conservation status of our native species, Data Sheet 2022 (NERR124)” published by Natural England in October 2022; “native species” means species which naturally occur or have in the past naturally occurred in England, and include— (a) regularly occurring migratory species (both breeding and non-breeding) and natural colonists; and (b) species that have been reintroduced in England following past extinction; “natural colonists” means species that arrived in England of their own accord and have become established, including those that become migratory species; “species” includes ranks below and above species level, where these are listed— (a) for the purposes of Part 2 of these Regulations, in the 2022 Red List Index for England; or (b) for the purposes of Part 4 of these Regulations, in Schedule 2. ## 3 Biodiversity targets (1) Regulations 4, 7 and 14 specify targets for the purposes of the Secretary of State’s duty in section 1 of the 2021 Act to set a long-term target in respect of biodiversity. (2) Regulation 11 specifies a target for the purposes of the Secretary of State’s duty in section 3 of the 2021 Act to set a target in respect of a matter relating to the abundance of species. ## Part 2: Long-term biodiversity target: species’ extinction risk ## 4 Species’ extinction risk target The long-term biodiversity target for species’ extinction risk is to reduce the risk of species’ extinction by 2042, when compared to the risk of species’ extinction in 2022. ## 5 Measurement of species’ extinction risk target (1) The target in regulation 4 is met by 31st December 2042 if the extinction risk value for 2042 calculated in accordance with paragraph (2) has a greater value than the baseline value, with the extinction risk value for 2042 and the baseline value being expressed as values in a range from 1 to 0 where— (a) a value of 1 would indicate that all baseline species were of Least Concern; and (b) a value of 0 would indicate that all baseline species were Regionally Extinct. (2) The Secretary of State must ensure that an extinction risk value for 2042 is calculated in 2042 using the same methodology that was used to calculate the baseline value, to indicate the aggregate risk of extinction for all baseline species at the time of its calculation. (3) In this regulation— “baseline species” means a species listed in the 2022 Red List Index for England; “the baseline value” means the value of 0.9070, being the value set out in the 2022 Red List Index for England to indicate the aggregate risk of extinction for all baseline species. (4) In this regulation— (a) a species is considered to be of Least Concern when it is classified as such for the purposes of calculating the 2022 Red List Index for England; (b) a species is Regionally Extinct when it is classified as such for the purposes of calculating the 2022 Red List Index for England. ## 6 Reporting date for the species’ extinction risk target For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act (environmental targets: reporting duties), the reporting date for the target in regulation 4 is 1st July 2043. ## Part 3: Long-term biodiversity target: wildlife-rich habitat restoration or creation ## 7 Wildlife-rich habitat restoration or creation target The long-term biodiversity target for the restoration or creation of wildlife-rich habitat is that on or after the day these Regulations come into force, in excess of 500,000 hectares of a range of wildlife-rich habitats are to be restored or created by 31st December 2042. ## 8 Measurement of the habitat restoration or creation target (1) In order to measure the area of wildlife-rich habitat which is restored or created, the Secretary of State must obtain information about action that has been or is being undertaken in order to restore or create the wildlife-rich habitat on or after the day on which these Regulations come into force, including information about— (a) the location of the action; (b) the size of the area intended to become wildlife-rich habitat; (c) the type of wildlife-rich habitat that is being restored or created. (2) The Secretary of State must keep a record of the information obtained under paragraph (1). (3) For the purposes of this Part, habitat is restored or will be restored when appropriate action has been or is being taken to improve the condition of relict or degraded habitat which might reasonably be expected to lead to an expansion of the wildlife-rich habitat there, but excluding such action taken— (a) on protected sites; or (b) for the purpose of replacing habitat that has been lost on or after the day these Regulations come into force. (4) For the purposes of this Part, habitat is created or will be created when appropriate action has been or is being taken to establish wildlife-rich habitat on land, or water, excluding such action taken— (a) on protected sites; or (b) for the purpose of replacing habitat that has been lost on or after the day these Regulations come into force. (5) In paragraphs (3) and (4) “appropriate action” includes action— (a) to develop one or more specific wildlife-rich habitat types; or (b) to allow a dynamic mosaic of wildlife-rich habitats to develop through the restoration of natural processes and ecosystems. ## 9 Reporting date for the wildlife-rich habitat restoration or creation target For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act, the reporting date for the target in regulation 7 is 1st December 2043. ## 10 Interpretation of Part 3 In this Part— “baseline” means the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured; “European site” has the meaning given in regulation 8 of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017 (European sites and European marine sites); “marine conservation zone” means an area designated as a marine conservation zone under section 116(1) of the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 (marine conservation zones); “nautical mile” means an international nautical mile of 1,852 metres; a “protected site” means a site which is— (a) a European site; (b) a site of special scientific interest; or (c) a marine conservation zone, on or before the day these Regulations come into force, to the extent that the site is situated wholly or partly in England or in its waters; “site of special scientific interest” means an area notified under section 28(1) of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (sites of special scientific interest); “territorial sea” means such of the territorial sea of the United Kingdom that is adjacent to England; “water” and “waters”, in relation to England only, means all waters, including, in the case of the sea, the area of the sea and the seabed below that area of the sea which is on the landward side of a line every point of which is at a distance of one nautical mile on the seaward side from the nearest point of the baseline; “wildlife-rich habitat” means a habitat that is one of the following types of habitat and which is of sufficient quality that it is, or will be, capable of supporting flora and fauna which are typically found in the habitat in question— (a) a habitat type of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity listed by the Secretary of State under section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 (biodiversity lists and action (England)); (b) another habitat type listed in Schedule 1. ## Part 4: Targets relating to the abundance of species ### Chapter 1: 2030 Species abundance target ## 11 2030 species abundance target (1) The 2030 species abundance target is that the overall relative species abundance index on the specified date indicates that the decline in the abundance of species has been halted. (2) The specified date for the 2030 species abundance target described in paragraph (1) is 31st December 2030. ## 12 Measurement of 2030 species abundance target (1) The 2030 species abundance target is to be measured by calculating the difference between the overall relative species abundance index for the years 2029 and 2030 in order to establish whether the overall relative species abundance index for the year 2030 is the same as, or higher than, the overall relative species abundance index for the year 2029. (2) The overall relative species abundance index for a year is derived from the calculation of the geometric mean of the relative species abundance indices for every species listed in Schedule 2 for that year, which is smoothed to reduce the impact of between-year fluctuations in data collected over time. (3) The same methodology must be used to determine the overall relative species abundance index for each year. (4) In this regulation— “baseline index” means the index value of 100 for any species in the first year that it is included in that relative species abundance index; “geometric mean” means a mathematical process where a series of numbers are multiplied together and then the “n”th root of the product is calculated, where “n” is equal to the length of the series; “relative species abundance index” for a species means an index which— (a) is an annual measure; (b) provides a standardised measure of abundance of that species across England; and (c) is expressed as a value relative to 100, where— (i) 100 is the baseline index for each species in the first year that it is measured in that relative species abundance index; and (ii) 0 means no sightings of that species were recorded in a year. (5) Where a species listed in Schedule 2 appears in more than one dataset that meets the criteria referred to in sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) of the definition of “relative species abundance index” in paragraph (4), the relative species abundance index for that species is calculated— (a) in the case of a species listed in Schedule 2 that is a plant, from the average value of species abundance for that species derived from all the species abundance datasets in which it appears; (b) in the case of a species listed in Schedule 2 that is an animal, from the species abundance dataset that the Secretary of State considers best provides— (i) an annual measure; and (ii) a standardised measure of abundance of that species with the widest coverage across England. (6) For the purposes of paragraph (4), an index is only to be used if it is calculated using the same methodology each year. ## 13 Reporting date for the 2030 species abundance target For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act, the reporting date for the target in regulation 11 is 15th April 2032. ### Chapter 2: Species abundance: long-term target ## 14 Long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance The long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance is that the overall relative species abundance index by 31st December 2042 is— (a) higher than the overall relative species abundance index for 31st December 2022; and (b) at least 10% higher than the overall relative species abundance index for 31st December 2030 (the specified date for the 2030 species abundance target). ## 15 Measurement of the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance (1) The long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance is to be measured by calculating the overall relative species abundance index for the following dates— (a) 31st December 2022; (b) 31st December 2030; and (c) 31st December 2042. (2) Regulation 12(2) to (6) applies in relation to the measurement of the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance as it applies to the measurement of the 2030 species abundance target described in regulation 11. ## 16 Reporting date for the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance For the purposes of section 6(1) of the 2021 Act, the reporting date for the target in regulation 14 is 15th April 2044. ## Signature Name Parliamentary Under Secretary of State Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Date ## Schedule 1 Types of wildlife-rich habitat Broad habitat Wildlife-rich habitat other than a habitat type of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity listed by the Secretary of State under section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006 Acid grassland Lowland acid grassland Acid grassland Upland acid grassland Boundary and linear features Line of trees (ecologically valuable – such that the line includes at least one tree per 30m length of ancient or veteran quality) Boundary and linear features Line of trees (ecologically valuable – such that the line includes at least one tree per 30m length of ancient or veteran quality) – with bank or ditch Boundary and linear features Native hedgerow with trees Boundary and linear features Native hedgerow – associated with bank or ditch Boundary and linear features Native hedgerow with trees – associated with bank or ditch Boundary and linear features Native species-rich hedgerow Boundary and linear features Native species-rich hedgerow – associated with bank or ditch Boundary and linear features Native species-rich hedgerow with trees Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland Blackthorn scrub Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland Bramble scrub Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland Gorse scrub Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland Hawthorn scrub Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland Hazel scrub Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland Mixed scrub Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland Mixed woodland: mainly native broadleaved (with a minimum requirement of 70% native broadleaved species) Broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland Native woodland: broadleaved Fen, marsh and swamp Floodplain wetland mosaic Inland rock Inland rock and scree Littoral rock Features of littoral rock Littoral rock High energy littoral rock Littoral rock Low energy littoral rock Littoral rock Moderate energy littoral rock Littoral sediment Coastal saltmarsh and saline reedbeds Littoral sediment Features of littoral sediment Littoral sediment Littoral coarse sediment Littoral sediment Littoral mixed sediments Littoral sediment Littoral muddy sand Littoral sediment Littoral sand Neutral grassland Neutral grassland Rivers and streams Rivers and streams Standing open waters Ponds Sublittoral rock Circalittoral rock Sublittoral rock Infralittoral rock Sublittoral rock Subtidal stony reef Sublittoral sediment Native oyster (Ostrea edulis) beds Sublittoral sediment Subtidal coarse sediment Sublittoral sediment Subtidal mixed sediments Sublittoral sediment Subtidal mud Sublittoral sediment Subtidal sand Sublittoral sediment Subtidal seagrass beds ## Schedule 2 Species for the targets relating to the abundance of species Scientific name Common name Birds Acanthis cabaret Lesser redpoll Accipiter gentilis Northern goshawk Accipiter nisus Sparrowhawk Acrocephalus palustris Marsh warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Sedge warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus Reed warbler Actitis hypoleucos Common sandpiper Aegithalos caudatus Long-tailed tit Alauda arvensis Skylark Alcedo atthis Kingfisher Anas acuta Pintail Anas crecca Teal Anas platyrhynchos Mallard Anser albifrons European white-fronted goose Anser anser Greylag goose Anser brachyrhynchus Pink-footed goose Anthus pratensis Meadow pipit Anthus trivialis Tree pipit Apus apus Swift Ardea cinerea Grey heron Arenaria interpres Turnstone Aythya ferina Common pochard Aythya fuligula Tufted duck Aythya marila Scaup Botaurus stellaris Eurasian bittern Branta bernicla Brent goose Bucephala clangula Common goldeneye Burhinus oedicnemus Stone-curlew Buteo buteo Buzzard Calidris alba Sanderling Calidris alpina Dunlin Calidris canutus Knot Calidris maritima Purple sandpiper Calidris pugnax Ruff Caprimulgus europaeus Nightjar Carduelis carduelis Goldfinch Certhia familiaris Treecreeper Cettia cetti Cetti’s warbler Charadrius hiaticula Ringed plover Chloris chloris Greenfinch Chroicocephalus ridibundus Black-headed gull Cinclus cinclus Dipper Circus aeruginosus Marsh harrier Circus cyaneus Hen harrier Circus pygargus Montagu’s harrier Coloeus monedula Jackdaw Columba oenas Stock dove Columba palumbus Woodpigeon Corvus corax Raven Corvus corone Carrion crow Corvus frugilegus Rook Coturnix coturnix Common quail Crex crex Corncrake Cuculus canorus Cuckoo Curruca communis Whitethroat Curruca undata Dartford warbler Cyanistes caeruleus Blue tit Cygnus columbianus Bewick’s swan Cygnus cygnus Whooper swan Cygnus olor Mute swan Delichon urbicum House martin Dendrocopos major Great spotted woodpecker Dryobates minor Lesser spotted woodpecker Egretta garzetta Little egret Emberiza calandra Corn bunting Emberiza cirlus Cirl bunting Emberiza citrinella Yellowhammer Emberiza schoeniclus Reed bunting Erithacus rubecula Robin Falco columbarius Merlin Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falco subbuteo Hobby Falco tinnunculus Kestrel Fringilla coelebs Chaffinch Fulica atra Common coot Fulmarus glacialis Northern fulmar Gallinago gallinago Snipe Gallinula chloropus Moorhen Garrulus glandarius Jay Grus grus Common crane Haematopus ostralegus Oystercatcher Hirundo rustica Swallow Ichthyaetus melanocephalus Mediterranean gull Lagopus lagopus Red grouse Lanius collurio Red-backed shrike Larus argentatus Herring gull Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed godwit Limosa limosa Black-tailed godwit Linaria cannabina Linnet Linaria flavirostris Twite Locustella luscinioides Savi’s warbler Lullula arborea Woodlark Luscinia megarhynchos Nightingale Lyrurus tetrix Black grouse Mareca penelope Wigeon Mareca strepera Gadwall Mergus merganser Goosander Mergus serrator Red-breasted merganser Milvus milvus Red kite Morus bassanus Northern gannet Motacilla alba Pied wagtail Motacilla cinerea Grey wagtail Motacilla flava Yellow wagtail Muscicapa striata Spotted flycatcher Numenius arquata Curlew Oenanthe oenanthe Wheatear Oriolus oriolus Golden oriole Pandion haliaetus Osprey Panurus biarmicus Bearded tit Parus major Great tit Passer domesticus House sparrow Passer montanus Tree sparrow Perdix perdix Grey partridge Periparus ater Coal tit Pernis apivorus Honey-buzzard Phalacrocorax aristotelis European shag Phalacrocorax carbo Great cormorant Phoenicurus ochruros Black redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus Redstart Phylloscopus collybita Chiffchaff Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood warbler Phylloscopus trochilus Willow warbler Pica pica Magpie Picus viridis Green woodpecker Platalea leucorodia Eurasian spoonbill Pluvialis apricaria Golden plover Pluvialis squatarola Grey plover Podiceps cristatus Great crested grebe Podiceps nigricollis Black-necked grebe Poecile montanus Willow tit Poecile palustris Marsh tit Porzana porzana Spotted crake Prunella modularis Dunnock Pyrrhula pyrrhula Bullfinch Recurvirostra avosetta Avocet Regulus ignicapilla Firecrest Regulus regulus Goldcrest Riparia riparia Sand martin Rissa tridactyla Black-legged kittiwake Saxicola rubetra Whinchat Saxicola rubicola Stonechat Sitta europaea Nuthatch Somateria mollissima Eider Spatula clypeata Shoveler Spatula querquedula Garganey Spinus spinus Siskin Sterna dougallii Roseate tern Sterna hirundo Common tern Sterna paradisaea Arctic tern Sternula albifrons Little tern Streptopelia decaocto Collared dove Streptopelia turtur Turtle dove Strix aluco Tawny owl Sturnus vulgaris Starling Sylvia atricapilla Blackcap Sylvia borin Garden warbler Sylvia curruca Lesser whitethroat Tachybaptus ruficollis Little grebe Tadorna tadorna Shelduck Thalasseus sandvicensis Sandwich tern Tringa totanus Redshank Troglodytes troglodytes Wren Turdus merula Blackbird Turdus philomelos Song thrush Turdus torquatus Ring ouzel Turdus viscivorus Mistle thrush Uria aalge Guillemot Vanellus vanellus Lapwing Bumblebees Bombus pascuorum Common carder bee Bombus lapidarius Red-tailed bumblebee Bombus pratorum Early bumblebee Bombus hypnorum Tree bumblebee Bombus hortorum Garden bumblebee Bombus lucorum / terrestris White-tailed / buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus vestalis Southern cuckoo bumblebee Bombus sylvestris Forest cuckoo bumblebee Bombus campestris Field cuckoo bumblebee Bombus rupestris Red-tailed cuckoo bumblebee Bombus humilis Brown-banded carder bee Fish Abramis brama Common bream Alburnus alburnus Bleak Ammodytes tobianus Lesser sandeel Anguilla anguilla Eel Atherina presbyter Sand smelt Barbatula barbatula Stone loach Barbus barbus Barbel Blicca bjoerkna Silver bream Carassius carassius Crucian carp Chelon labrosus Thick lipped grey mullet Clupea harengus Herring Cobitis taenia Spined loach Cottus gobio Bullhead Dicentrarchus labrax Sea bass Esox lucius Pike Gasterosteus aculeatus Three spined stickleback Gobio gobio Gudgeon Gymnocephalus cernuus Ruffe Leuciscus leuciscus Dace Liza aurata Golden grey mullet Liza ramada Thin lipped grey mullet Osmerus eperlanus Smelt Perca fluviatilis Perch Phoxinus phoxinus Minnow Platichthys flesus Flounder Pleuronectes platessa Plaice Pomatoschistus microps Common goby Pomatoschistus minutus Sand goby Pungitius pungitius Ten spined stickleback Rutilus rutilus Roach Salmo salar Atlantic salmon Salmo trutta Brown trout Scardinius erythrophthalmus Rudd Sprattus sprattus Sprat Squalius cephalus Chub Syngnathus acus Greater pipefish Thymallus thymallus Grayling Tinca tinca Tench Freshwater invertebrates Acroloxus lacustris Lake limpet Adicella reducta Aeshna spp. Hawkers Agabus spp. Agabus (beetle) Agapetus spp. Agraylea multipunctata Salt and pepper microcaddis Alboglossiphonia heteroclita White leech Ameletus inopinatus Upland summer mayfly Amphinemura spp. Spring stoneflies Ampullaceana balthica Wandering snail Anabolia nervosa Anacaena globulus Anacaena limbata Ancylus fluviatilis River limpet Anisus leucostoma White-lipped ramshorn Anisus vortex Whirlpool ramshorn Antocha vitripennis Aphelocheirus aestivalis Asellus aquaticus Pond slater / Water louse Atherix ibis Yellow-legged water-snipefly Athripsodes spp. Austropotamobius pallipes White-clawed crayfish Baetis buceratus Scarce olive Baetis muticus Iron blue Baetis rhodani Large dark olive Baetis scambus group Small dark olive Baetis vernus Medium olive Bathyomphalus contortus Twisted ramshorn Beraea maurus Beraea pullata Beraeodes minutus Beris spp. Green soldier flies Bithynia leachii Bithynia tentaculata Faucet snail Brachycentrus subnubilus Brachyptera risi Brychius elevatus Caenis horaria Caenis luctuosa group Angler’s curse Caenis pusilla Caenis rivulorum Caenis robusta Callicorixa praeusta Water boatman Calopteryx spp. Damselflies Capnia spp. Small winter stoneflies Centroptilum luteolum Small spurwing Ceraclea spp. Long-horned caddisflies Chaetopteryx villosa Cheumatopsyche lepida Chloroperla tripunctata Cloeon dipterum Pond olive Coenagrion spp. Eurasian bluets damselflies Cordulegaster boltonii Golden-ringed dragonfly Crenobia alpina Alpine flatworm Crunoecia irrorata Cyrnus flavidus Cyrnus trimaculatus Dendrocoelum lacteum Aquatic flatworm Dicranota spp. Dinocras cephalotes Diplectrona felix Dixa nebulosa Dixa puberula Drusus annulatus Dryops spp. Dugesia polychroa group Dytiscus spp. Ecclisopteryx dalecarlica Ecdyonurus spp. Electrogena spp. Elmis aenea Elodes spp. Eloeophila spp. Enallagma cyathigerum Common blue damselfly Ephemera spp. Erpobdella spp. Erythromma najas Red-eyed damselfly Esolus parallelepipedus Galba truncatula Dwarf pond snail Gammarus pulex group Common freshwater shrimp Gammarus zaddachi Gerris spp. Glossiphonia complanata Glossiphonia verrucata Glossosoma spp. Glyphotaelius pellucidus Goera pilosa Graptodytes pictus Gyraulus albus White ramshorn Gyraulus crista Nautilus ramshorn Gyraulus laevis Smooth ramshorn Gyrinus substriatus Gyrinus urinator Habrophlebia fusca Ditch dun Halesus spp. Haliplus confinis Haliplus lineatocollis Haliplus ruficollis group Helobdella stagnalis Helophorus brevipalpis Hermiclepsis marginata Heptagenia spp. Hesperocorixa sahlbergi Lesser waterboatman Hippeutis complanatus Flat ramshorn Hydraena gracilis Hydraena riparia Hydrobius fuscipes Hydroporus palustris Hydropsyche angustipennis Hydropsyche contubernalis Hydropsyche instabilis Hydropsyche pellucidula Hydropsyche siltalai Hydroptila spp. Hyphydrus ovatus Ibisia marginata Black-legged water-snipefly Ilybius spp. Ilyocoris cimicoides Saucer bug Ischnura elegans Blue-tailed damselfly Isoperla grammatica Common yellow sally Ithytrichia spp. Laccobius spp. Laccophilus hyalinus Lepidostoma basale Lepidostoma hirtum Leptophlebia spp. Leuctra spp. Limnephilus extricatus Limnephilus flavicornis Limnephilus lunatus Cinnamon sedge Limnephilus marmoratus Limnephilus rhombicus Limnius volckmari Lymnaea stagnalis Great pond snail Lype spp. Melampophylax mucoreus Micronecta spp. Micropterna lateralis Micropterna sequax Molanna angustata Mystacides spp. Nebrioporus depressus group Nemoura spp. Nemurella pictetii Nepa cinerea Water scorpion Neureclipsis bimaculata Nigrobaetis spp. Noterus clavicornis Larger noterus Notonecta glauca Common backswimmer Notonecta maculata Notonecta viridis Ochthebius spp. Odontocerum albicorne Oecetis spp. Orectochilus villosus Oreodytes sanmarkii Oulimnius spp. Oxycera spp. Oxyethira spp. Paraleptophlebia spp. Pedicia spp. Perla bipunctata Perlodes mortoni Orange-striped stonefly Phagocata vitta Philopotamus montanus Yellow spotted sedge Phryganea bipunctata Physa fontinalis Common bladder snail Pilaria spp. Piscicola geometra Common fish leech Pisidium spp. Planorbarius corneus Great ramshorn Planorbis spp. Platambus maculatus Platycnemis pennipes White-legged damselfly Plea minutissima Plectrocnemia spp. Polycelis spp. Polycentropus spp. Potamanthus luteus Yellow mayfly Potamophylax cingulatus Potamophylax latipennis Potamophylax rotundipennis Proasellus meridianus One-spotted waterlouse Procloeon pennulatum Prosimulium spp. Protonemura spp. Psychomyia pusilla Ptychoptera spp. Pyrrhosoma nymphula Large red damselfly Radix auricularia Ear pond snail Rhithrogena spp. Rhyacophila dorsalis Sandfly Rhyacophila fasciata Rhyacophila munda Rhyacophila obliterata Riolus spp. Sericostoma personatum Serratella ignita Blue-winged olive Sialis fuliginosa Sialis lutaria Common alderfly Sigara dorsalis Sigara falleni Sigara fossarum Silo nigricornis Silo pallipes Simulium (Wilhemia) spp. Simulium angustitarse group Simulium argyreatum group Simulium aureum group Simulium costatum Simulium cryophilum-vernum group Simulium erythrocephalum Simulium noelleri Simulium ornatum group Simulium reptans Simulium tuberosum complex Twinn’s black fly Siphlonurus spp. Siphonoperla torrentium Small yellow sally Sisyra spp. Sphaerium spp. Stagnicola spp. Stictotarsus duodecimpustulatus Taeniopteryx nebulosa February red Theodoxus fluviatilis River nerite Theromyzon tessulatum Duck leech Tinodes unicolor Tinodes waeneri Tipula spp. Triaenodes bicolor Trocheta spp. Valvata cristata Flat valve snail Valvata piscinalis European valve snail Velia spp. Viviparus viviparus Common river snail Wormaldia spp. Lepidoptera (Butterfly) Aglais io Peacock Aglais urticae Small tortoiseshell Anthocharis cardamines Orange-tip Apatura iris Purple emperor Aphantopus hyperantus Ringlet Argynnis adippe High brown fritillary Argynnis paphia Silver-washed fritillary Aricia agestis Brown argus Aricia artaxerxes Northern brown argus Boloria euphrosyne Pearl-bordered fritillary Boloria selene Small pearl-bordered fritillary Callophrys rubi Green hairstreak Celastrina argiolus Holly blue Coenonympha pamphilus Small heath Colias croceus Clouded yellow Cupido minimus Small blue Erebia aethiops Scotch argus Erynnis tages Dingy skipper Euphydryas aurinia Marsh fritillary Favonius quercus Purple hairstreak Gonepteryx rhamni Brimstone Hamearis lucina Duke of burgundy Hesperia comma Silver-spotted skipper Hipparchia semele Grayling Lasiommata megera Wall Leptidea sinapis Wood white Limenitis camilla White admiral Lycaena phlaeas Small copper Maculinea arion Large blue Maniola jurtina Meadow brown Melanargia galathea Marbled white Melitaea athalia Heath fritillary Melitaea cinxia Glanville fritillary Ochlodes sylvanus Large skipper Papilio machaon Swallowtail Pararge aegeria Speckled wood Pieris brassicae Large white Pieris napi Green-veined white Pieris rapae Small white Plebejus argus Silver-studded blue Polygonia c-album Comma Polyommatus bellargus Adonis blue Polyommatus coridon Chalk hill blue Polyommatus icarus Common blue Pyrgus malvae Grizzled skipper Pyronia tithonus Gatekeeper Satyrium pruni Black hairstreak Satyrium w-album White-letter hairstreak Speyeria aglaja Dark green fritillary Thecla betulae Brown hairstreak Thymelicus acteon Lulworth skipper Thymelicus lineola Essex skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Small skipper Vanessa atalanta Red admiral Vanessa cardui Painted lady Lepidoptera (Moths) Abraxas grossulariata The magpie Abraxas sylvata Clouded magpie Abrostola tripartita The spectacle Abrostola triplasia Dark spectacle Acasis viretata Yellow-barred brindle Achlya flavicornis Yellow horned Acronicta psi Grey dagger Acronicta rumicis Knot grass Acronicta tridens Dark dagger Aethalura punctulata Grey birch Agriopis aurantiaria Scarce umber Agriopis leucophaearia Spring usher Agriopis marginaria Dotted border Agrochola helvola Flounced chestnut Agrochola litura Brown-spot pinion Agrochola lota Red-line quaker Agrochola macilenta Yellow-line quaker Agrochola circellaris The brick Agrochola lychnidis Beaded chestnut Agrotis clavis Heart & club Agrotis exclamationis Heart & dart Agrotis ipsilon Dark sword-grass Agrotis puta Shuttle-shaped dart Agrotis segetum Turnip moth Agrotis vestigialis Archer’s dart Alcis jubata Dotted carpet Alcis repandata Mottled beauty Allophyes oxyacanthae Green-brindled crescent Alsophila aescularia March moth Amphipoea lucens Large ear Amphipoea oculea Ear moth Amphipyra berbera Svensson’s copper underwing Amphipyra pyramidea Copper underwing Amphipyra tragopoginis Mouse moth Anaplectoides prasina Green arches Anarta trifolii Nutmeg Anorthoa munda Twin-spotted quaker Anticlea derivata The streamer Antitype chi Grey chi Apamea anceps Large nutmeg Apamea crenata Clouded-bordered brindle Apamea epomidion Clouded brindle Apamea lithoxylaea Light arches Apamea monoglypha Dark arches Apamea remissa Dusky brocade Apamea scolopacina Slender brindle Apamea sordens Rustic shoulder-knot Apamea unanimis Small clouded brindle Apeira syringaria Lilac beauty Aplocera efformata Lesser treble-bar Aplocera plagiata Treble-bar Apocheima hispidaria Small brindled beauty Aporophyla lutulenta Deep-brown dart Aporophyla nigra Black rustic Apterogenum ypsillon Dingy shears Arctia caja Garden tiger Aspitates gilvaria Straw belle Aspitates ochrearia Yellow belle Asteroscopus sphinx The sprawler Asthena albulata Small white wave Atethmia centrago Centre-barred sallow Athetis pallustris Marsh moth Autographa bractea Gold spangle Autographa gamma Silver Y Autographa jota Plain golden Y Autographa pulchrina Beautiful golden Y Axylia putris The flame Biston betularia Peppered moth Biston strataria Oak beauty Brachylomia viminalis Minor shoulder-knot Bryophila domestica Marbled beauty Bupalus piniaria Bordered white Cabera exanthemata Common wave Cabera pusaria Common white wave Calliteara pudibunda Pale tussock Campaea margaritaria Light emerald Camptogramma bilineata Yellow shell Caradrina clavipalpis Pale mottled willow moth Caradrina morpheus Mottled rustic Catarhoe rubidata Ruddy carpet Catocala nupta Red underwing Celaena haworthii Haworth’s minor Cerapteryx graminis Antler moth Cerastis rubricosa Red chestnut Ceramica pisi Broom moth Charanyca trigrammica Treble lines Chesias legatella The streak Chesias rufata Broom-tip Chiasmia clathrata Latticed heath Chloroclysta miata Autumn green carpet Chloroclysta siterata Red-green carpet Chloroclystis v-ata The V-pug Cidaria fulvata Barred yellow Cilix glaucata Chinese character Cirrhia gilvago Dusky-lemon sallow Cirrhia icteritia Sallow Cleorodes lichenaria Brussels lace Clostera curtula Chocolate-tip Coenobia rufa Small rufous Coenotephria salicata Striped twin-spot carpet Coleophora vibicella Colocasia coryli Nut-tree tussock Colostygia multistrigaria Mottled grey Colostygia pectinataria Green carpet Colotois pennaria Feathered thorn Comibaena bajularia Blotched emerald Conistra ligula Dark chestnut Conistra rubiginea Dotted chestnut Conistra vaccinii The chestnut Cosmia affinis Lesser-spotted pinion Cosmia pyralina Lunar-spotted pinion Cosmia trapezina The dun-bar Cosmorhoe ocellata Purple bar Craniophora ligustri The coronet Crocallis elinguaria Scalloped oak Cucullia umbratica The shark Cybosia mesomella Four-dotted footman Cyclophora albipunctata Birch mocha Cyclophora linearia Clay triple-lines Cyclophora punctaria Maiden’s blush Cymatophorina diluta Oak lutestring Deilephila elpenor Elephant hawk-moth Deileptenia ribeata Satin beauty Deltote pygarga Marbled white spot Denticucullus pygmina Small wainscot Diachrysia chrysitis Burnished brass Diacrisia sannio Clouded buff Diaphora mendica Muslin moth Diarsia brunnea Purple clay Diarsia dahlii Barred chestnut Diarsia mendica Ingrailed clay Diarsia rubi Small square-spot Diloba caeruleocephala Figure of eight Drepana falcataria Pebble hook-tip Drymonia dodonaea Marbled brown Drymonia ruficornis Lunar marbled brown Dryobotodes eremita Brindled green Dypterygia scabriuscula Bird’s wing Dysstroma citrata Dark marbled carpet Dysstroma truncata Common marbled carpet Earophila badiata Shoulder-stripe Ecliptopera silaceata Small phoenix Ectropis crepuscularia The engrailed Eilema complana Scarce footman Eilema depressa Buff footman Eilema griseola Dingy footman Eilema lurideola Common footman Eilema sororcula Orange footman Electrophaes corylata Broken-barred carpet Ennomos alniaria Canary-shouldered thorn Ennomos autumnaria Large thorn Ennomos erosaria September thorn Ennomos fuscantaria Dusky thorn Ennomos quercinaria August thorn Entephria caesiata Grey mountain carpet Epione repandaria Bordered beauty Epirrhoe alternata Common carpet Epirrhoe galiata Galium carpet Epirrhoe rivata Wood carpet Epirrita autumnata Autumnal moth Epirrita christyi Pale November moth Epirrita dilutata November moth Epirrita filigrammaria Small autumnal moth Erannis defoliaria Mottled umber Eremobia ochroleuca Dusky sallow Euchoeca nebulata Dingy shell Eugnorisma glareosa Autumnal rustic Eulithis mellinata The spinach Eulithis populata Northern spinach Eulithis prunata The phoenix Eulithis testata The chevron Euphyia biangulata Cloaked carpet Euphyia unangulata Sharp-angled carpet Eupithecia abbreviata Brindled pug Eupithecia absinthiata Wormwood pug Eupithecia assimilata Currant pug Eupithecia centaureata Lime-speck pug Eupithecia dodoneata Oak-tree pug Eupithecia exiguata Mottled pug Eupithecia haworthiata Haworth’s pug Eupithecia icterata Tawny speckled pug Eupithecia indigata Ochreous pug Eupithecia innotata Angle-barred pug Eupithecia intricata Freyer’s pug Eupithecia inturbata Maple pug Eupithecia lariciata Larch pug Eupithecia linariata Toadflax pug Eupithecia nanata Narrow-winged pug Eupithecia phoeniceata Cypress pug Eupithecia pulchellata Foxglove pug Eupithecia pusillata Juniper pug Eupithecia satyrata Satyr pug Eupithecia simpliciata Plain pug Eupithecia subfuscata Grey pug Eupithecia succenturiata Bordered pug Eupithecia tantillaria Dwarf pug Eupithecia tenuiata Slender pug Eupithecia tripunctaria White-spotted pug Eupithecia venosata Netted pug Eupithecia virgaureata Golden-rod pug Eupithecia vulgata Common pug Euplexia lucipara Small angle shades Euproctis chrysorrhoea Brown-tail Euproctis similis Yellow-tail Eupsilia transversa The satellite Eustroma reticulata Netted carpet moth Euthrix potatoria The drinker Euxoa nigricans Garden dart Euxoa tritici White-line dart Falcaria lacertinaria Scalloped hook-tip Furcula furcula Sallow kitten Gandaritis pyraliata Barred straw Gastropacha quercifolia The lappet Geometra papilionaria Large emerald Gortyna flavago Frosted orange Graphiphora augur Double dart Griposia aprilina Merveille du jour Gymnoscelis rufifasciata Double-striped pug Habrosyne pyritoides Buff arches Hada plebeja The shears Hadena bicruris The lychnis Hadena confusa Marbled coronet Hadena perplexa Tawny shears Hecatera bicolorata Broad-barred white Helotropha leucostigma Crescent Hemistola chrysoprasaria Small emerald Hemithea aestivaria Common emerald Hepialus humuli Ghost moth Herminia grisealis Small fan-foot Herminia tarsipennalis The fan-foot Hoplodrina ambigua Vine’s rustic Hoplodrina blanda The rustic Hoplodrina octogenaria Uncertain Horisme tersata The fern Horisme vitalbata Small waved umber Hydraecia micacea Rosy rustic Hydraecia osseola Marsh mallow moth Hydrelia flammeolaria Small yellow wave Hydria cervinalis Scarce tissue Hydria undulata Scallop shell Hydriomena furcata July highflyer Hydriomena impluviata May highflyer Hylaea fasciaria Barred red Hypena crassalis Beautiful snout Hypena proboscidalis The snout Hypomecis punctinalis Pale oak beauty Hypomecis roboraria Great oak beauty Idaea aversata Riband wave Idaea biselata Small fanfooted wave Idaea dimidiata Single-dotted wave Idaea emarginata Small scallop Idaea fuscovenosa Dwarf cream wave Idaea ochrata Bright wave moth Idaea rusticata Least carpet Idaea seriata Small dusty wave Idaea straminata Plain wave Idaea subsericeata Satin wave Idaea trigeminata Treble brown spot Ipimorpha subtusa The olive Jodis lactearia Little emerald Korscheltellus fusconebulosa Map-winged swift Korscheltellus lupulina Common swift Lacanobia oleracea Bright-line brown-eye Lacanobia suasa Dog’s tooth Lacanobia thalassina Pale-shouldered brocade Lampropteryx otregiata Devon carpet Lampropteryx suffumata Water carpet Laothoe populi Poplar hawk-moth Larentia clavaria The mallow Lasiocampa quercus Oak eggar Laspeyria flexula Beautiful hook-tip Lateroligia ophiogramma Double lobed Leucania comma Shoulder-striped wainscot Ligdia adustata Scorched carpet Litoligia literosa Rosy minor Lithophane leautieri Blair’s shoulder-knot Lithophane ornitopus Grey shoulder-knot Lithophane socia Pale pinion Lobophora halterata The seraphim Lomaspilis marginata Clouded border Lomographa bimaculata White-pinion spotted Lomographa temerata Clouded silver Luperina testacea Flounced rustic Lycia hirtaria Brindled beauty Lycia zonaria Belted beauty Lycophotia porphyrea True lover’s knot Lygephila pastinum The blackneck Lymantria monacha Black arches Macaria alternata Sharp-angled peacock Macaria liturata Tawny-barred angle Macaria notata Peacock moth Macaria wauaria The V-moth Macrothylacia rubi Fox moth Malacosoma neustria The lackey Mamestra brassicae Cabbage moth Melanchra persicariae Dot moth Melanthia procellata Pretty chalk carpet Menophra abruptaria Waved umber Mesapamea secalis / didyma Mesoleuca albicillata Beautiful carpet Mesoligia furuncula Cloaked minor Mesotype didymata Twin-spot carpet Miltochrista miniata Rosy footman Mniotype adusta Dark brocade Mythimna albipuncta White-point Mythimna ferrago The clay Mythimna conigera Brown-line bright-eye Mythimna impura Smoky wainscot Mythimna pallens Common wainscot Naenia typica The gothic Noctua comes Lesser yellow underwing Noctua fimbriata Broad-bordered yellow underwing Noctua interjecta Least yellow underwing Noctua janthe Lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing Noctua pronuba Large yellow underwing Nola confusalis Least black arches Nola cucullatella Short-cloaked moth Nomophila noctuella Rush veneer Notodonta dromedarius Iron prominent Notodonta ziczac Pebble prominent Nudaria mundana Muslin footman Nycteola revayana Oak nycteoline Ochropacha duplaris Common lutestring Ochropleura plecta Flame shoulder Odontopera bidentata Scalloped hazel Odontosia carmelita Scarce prominent Oligia fasciuncula Middle-barred minor Oligia latruncula Tawny marbled minor Oligia strigilis Marbled minor Oligia versicolor Rufous minor Omphaloscelis lunosa Lunar underwing Operophtera brumata Winter moth Operophtera fagata Northern winter moth Opisthograptis luteolata Brimstone moth Orgyia antiqua The vapourer Orthonama vittata Oblique carpet Orthosia cerasi Common quaker Orthosia cruda Small quaker Orthosia gothica Hebrew character Orthosia gracilis Powdered quaker Orthosia incerta Clouded drab Orthosia populeti Lead-coloured drab Ourapteryx sambucaria Swallow-tailed moth Pachycnemia hippocastanaria Horse chestnut Panolis flammea Pine beauty Parascotia fuliginaria Waved black Parectropis similaria Brindled white-spot Pasiphila rectangulata Green pug Pelurga comitata Dark spinach Pennithera firmata Pine carpet Peribatodes rhomboidaria Willow beauty Peridea anceps Great prominent Perizoma affinitata The rivulet Perizoma albulata Grass rivulet Perizoma alchemillata Small rivulet Perizoma bifaciata Barred rivulet Perizoma flavofasciata Sandy carpet Petrophora chlorosata Brown silver-line Phalera bucephala Buff-tip Pheosia gnoma Lesser swallow prominent Pheosia tremula Swallow prominent Phigalia pilosaria Pale brindled beauty Philereme transversata Dark umber Philereme vetulata Brown scallop Phlogophora meticulosa Angle shades Photedes fluxa Mere wainscot Photedes minima Small dotted buff Phragmatobia fuliginosa Ruby tiger Phymatopus hecta Gold swift Plagodis dolabraria Scorched wing Plagodis pulveraria Barred umber Plemyria rubiginata Blue-bordered carpet Plusia festucae Gold spot Plutella xylostella Diamond-back moth Poecilocampa populi December moth Polia nebulosa Grey arches Polychrysia moneta Golden plusia Polymixis flavicincta Large ranunculus Polymixis lichenea Feathered ranunculus Polyploca ridens Frosted green Pseudoips prasinana Green silver-lines Pseudoterpna pruinata Grass emerald Pterapherapteryx sexalata Small seraphim Pterostoma palpina Pale prominent Ptilodon capucina Coxcomb prominent Pyropteron chrysidiformis Fiery clearwing Rhizedra lutosa Large wainscot Rhodometra sacraria The vestal Rivula sericealis Straw dot Rusina ferruginea Brown rustic Saturnia pavonia Emperor moth Schrankia costaestrigalis Pinion-streaked snout Scoliopteryx libatrix The herald Scopula floslactata Cream wave Scopula imitaria Small blood-vein Scopula immutata Lesser cream wave Scopula marginepunctata Mullein wave Scotopteryx chenopodiata Shaded broad-bar Scotopteryx luridata July belle Scotopteryx mucronata Lead belle Scythris siccella Selenia dentaria Early thorn Selenia lunularia Lunar thorn Selenia tetralunaria Purple thorn Sideridis rivularis Campion Siona lineata Black-veined moth Spaelotis ravida Stout dart Spilosoma lubricipeda White ermine Spilosoma lutea Buff ermine Stauropus fagi Lobster moth Stilbia anomala The anomalous Subacronicta megacephala Poplar grey Tethea ocularis Figure of eighty Thalera fimbrialis Sussex emerald Thalpophila matura Straw underwing Thera Britannica Spruce carpet Thera juniperata Juniper carpet Thera obeliscata Grey pine carpet Theria primaria Early moth Tholera cespitis Hedge rustic Tholera decimalis Feathered gothic Thumatha senex Round-winged muslin Thyatira batis Peach blossom Tiliacea aurago Barred sallow Tiliacea citrago Orange sallow Timandra comae Blood-vein Trichiura crataegi Pale eggar Trichopteryx carpinata Early tooth-striped Triodia sylvina Orange swift Triphosa dubitata The tissue Tyria jacobaeae The cinnabar Udea ferrugalis Rusty dot pearl Venusia cambrica Welsh wave Watsonalla binaria Oak hook-tip Watsonalla cultraria Barred hook-tip Xanthia togata Pink-barred sallow Xanthorhoe decoloraria Red carpet Xanthorhoe designata Flame carpet Xanthorhoe ferrugata Dark-barred twin-spot carpet Xanthorhoe fluctuata Garden carpet Xanthorhoe montanata Silver-ground carpet Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata Large twin-spot carpet Xanthorhoe spadicearia Red twin-spot carpet Xestia agathina Heath rustic Xestia baja Dotted clay Xestia castanea Neglected rustic Xestia c-nigrum Setaceous Hebrew character Xestia ditrapezium Triple-spotted clay Xestia sexstrigata Six-striped rustic Xestia triangulum Double square-spot Xestia xanthographa Square-spot rustic Xylocampa areola Early grey Mammals Arvicola amphibius Water vole Capreolus capreolus Roe deer Dama dama Fallow deer Eptesicus serotinus Serotine bat Lepus europaeus Brown hare Muscardinus avellanarius Dormouse Myotis daubentonii Daubenton’s bat Myotis mystacinus/Myotis brandtii Whiskered bat/Brandt’s bat Myotis nattereri Natterer’s bat Nyctalus noctula Noctule bat Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit Pipistrellus pipistrellus Common pipistrelle bat Pipistrellus pygmaeus Soprano pipistrelle bat Plecotus auritus Brown long-eared bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus hipposideros Lesser horseshoe bat Vulpes vulpes Red fox Vascular Plants Achillea millefolium Yarrow Aethusa cynapium Fool’s parsley Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony Ajuga reptans Bugle Alisma plantago-aquatica Water-plantain Allium ursinum Ramsons Alnus glutinosa Alder Alopecurus geniculatus Marsh foxtail Ammophila arenaria Marram Anagallis arvensis Scarlet pimpernel Anthemis cotula Stinking chamomile Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernal-grass Anthyllis vulneraria Kidney vetch Apium nodiflorum Fool’s-water-cress Arctium minus/nemorosum Armeria maritima Thrift Arum maculatum Lords-and-ladies Asplenium trichomanes Maidenhair spleenwort Aster tripolium Sea aster Atriplex portulacoides Sea-purslane Atriplex spp. Bellis perennis Daisy Berula erecta Lesser-water-parsnip Beta vulgaris Beet Blackstonia perfoliata Yellow-wort Blechnum spicant Hard-fern Briza media Quaking-grass Bromopsis erecta Upright brome Calluna vulgaris Heather Caltha palustris Marsh-marigold Calystegia sepium Hedge bindweed Campanula glomerata Clustered bellflower Campanula rotundifolia Harebell Campanula trachelium Nettle-leaved bellflower Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s-purse Cardamine pratensis Cuckooflower Carduus nutans Musk thistle Carex echinata Star sedge Carex nigra Common sedge Carex otrubae False fox-sedge Carex pendula Pendulous sedge Carex remota Remote sedge Carex sylvatica Wood-sedge Cerastium arvense Field mouse-ear Cerastium fontanum Common mouse-ear Cerastium glomeratum Sticky mouse-ear Ceratocapnos claviculata Climbing corydalis Chaerophyllum temulum Rough chervil Chenopodium album Fat-hen Chrysosplenium oppositifolium Opposite-leaved golden-saxifrage Circaea lutetiana Enchanter’s-nightshade Cirsium acaule Dwarf thistle Cirsium palustre Marsh thistle Clematis vitalba Traveller’s-joy Cochlearia Scurveygrass Conopodium majus Pignut Cornus sanguinea Dogwood Corylus avellana Hazel Crataegus monogyna Hawthorn Cruciata laevipes Crosswort Cynosurus cristatus Crested dog’s-tail Dactylorhiza fuchsii Common spotted-orchid Daucus carota Carrots Deschampsia cespitosa Tufted hair-grass Deschampsia flexuosa Wavy hair-grass Digitalis purpurea Foxglove Dioscorea communis Black bryony Dipsacus fullonum Wild teasel Drosera rotundifolia Round-leaved sundew Elytrigia atherica Sea couch Empetrum nigrum Crowberry Epilobium hirsutum Great willowherb Equisetum fluviatile Water horsetail Erica cinerea Bell heather Erica tetralix Cross-leaved heath Eriophorum angustifolium Common cottongrass Eriophorum vaginatum Hare’s-tail cottongrass Euonymus europaeus Spindle Euphorbia amygdaloides Wood spurge Euphorbia exigua Dwarf spurge Euphorbia helioscopia Sun spurge Filipendula ulmaria Meadowsweet Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort Fumaria Fumitories Galium mollugo Hedge bedstraw Galium odoratum Woodruff Galium palustre Marsh-bedstraw Galium saxatile Heath bedstraw Galium verum Lady’s bedstraw Geranium robertianum Herb-robert Geum urbanum Wood avens Glaucium flavum Yellow horned-poppy Glechoma hederacea Ground-ivy Hedera helix Common ivy Helictotrichon pratense Meadow oat-grass Heracleum sphondylium Hogweed Hippocrepis comosa Horseshoe vetch Hippuris vulgaris Mare’s-tail Holcus lanatus Yorkshire-fog Hordeum secalinum Meadow barley Huperzia selago Hyacinthoides non-scripta Bluebell Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Frogbit Hydrocotyle vulgaris Marsh pennywort Hypericum tetrapterum Square-stalked St John’s-wort Hypochaeris radicata Cat’s-ear Ilex aquifolium Holly Iris pseudacorus Yellow iris Juncus gerardii Saltmarsh rush Juncus squarrosus Heath rush Kickxia elatine Sharp-leaved fluellen Kickxia spuria Round-leaved fluellen Knautia arvensis Field scabious Lamium amplexicaule Henbit dead-nettle Lathyrus pratensis Meadow vetchling Lemna trisulca Ivy-leaved duckweed Leucanthemum vulgare Oxeye daisy Limonium spp. Linum catharticum Fairy flax Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle Lotus corniculatus Common bird’s-foot-trefoil Lotus pedunculatus Greater bird’s-foot-trefoil Luzula multiflora Heath wood-rush Lycopus europaeus Gypsywort Lysimachia nemorum Yellow pimpernel Lysimachia vulgaris Yellow loosestrife Lythrum salicaria Purple-loosestrife Matricaria chamomilla Scented mayweed Medicago lupulina Black medick Melica uniflora Wood melick Mentha aquatica Water mint Mercurialis perennis Dog’s mercury Milium effusum Wood millet Moehringia trinervia Three-nerved sandwort Molinia caerulea Purple moor-grass Mycelis muralis Wall lettuce Nardus stricta Mat-grass Narthecium ossifragum Bog asphodel Nuphar lutea Yellow water-lily Nymphaea alba White water-lily Origanum vulgare Wild marjoram Ornithopus perpusillus Bird’s-foot Osmunda regalis Royal fern Pastinaca sativa Parsnip species Persicaria amphibia Amphibious bistort Persicaria lapathifolia Pale persicaria Petasites hybridus Butterbur Phalaris arundinacea Reed canary-grass Phyllitis scolopendrium Hart’s-tongue Picris echioides Bristly oxtongue Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear-hawkweed Plantago coronopus Buck’s-horn plantain Plantago lanceolata Ribwort plantain Plantago maritima Sea plantain Plantago media Hoary plantain Polygala serpyllifolia/vulgaris Potamogeton polygonifolius Bog pondweed Potentilla anserina Silverweed Potentilla erecta Tormentil Potentilla sterilis Barren strawberry Poterium sanguisorba Salad burnet Primula veris Cowslip Prunus spinosa Blackthorn Puccinellia maritima Common saltmarsh-grass Ranunculus acris Meadow buttercup Ranunculus bulbosus Bulbous buttercup Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup Ranunculus sceleratus Celery-leaved buttercup Ranunculus spp. Water-crowfoots Rhamnus cathartica Buckthorn Rhinanthus minor Yellow-rattle Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Water-cress Rubus chamaemorus Rumex acetosa Common sorrel Rumex acetosella Sheep’s sorrel Rumex hydrolapathum Water dock Sagittaria sagittifolia Arrowhead Sanguisorba officinalis Great burnet Sanicula europaea Sanicle Scabiosa columbaria Small scabious Schoenoplectus lacustris Common club-rush Sherardia arvensis Field madder Silene dioica Red campion Silene flos-cuculi Ragged-robin Silene latifolia White campion Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet Sonchus arvensis Perennial sow-thistle Sonchus oleraceus Smooth sow-thistle Sparganium erectum Branched bur-reed Spirodela polyrhiza Greater duckweed Stachys officinalis Betony Stachys palustris Marsh woundwort Stellaria graminea Lesser stitchwort Stellaria holostea Greater stitchwort Suaeda maritma Annual sea-blite Succisa pratensis Devil’s-bit scabious Symphytum officinale Common comfrey Teucrium scorodonia Wood sage Thymus polytrichus/pulegioides Torilis japonica Upright hedge-parsley Trifolium campestre Hop trefoil Trifolium dubium Lesser trefoil Trifolium pratense Red clover Trifolium repens White clover Triglochin maritimum Tripleurospermum inodorum Scentless mayweed Typha latifolia Bulrush Ulex gallii/minor Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cowberry Veronica arvensis Wall speedwell Veronica beccabunga Brooklime Veronica montana Wood speedwell Veronica officinalis Heath speedwell Vicia cracca Tufted vetch Vicia hirsuta Hairy tare Viola arvensis Field pansy Viola palustris Marsh violet Viola reichenbachiana/riviniana ## Explanatory note (This note is not part of the Regulations) These Regulations set long-term targets in respect of three matters within the priority area of biodiversity under section 1 of the Environment Act 2021 (c. 30). These Regulations also set a target in relation to the abundance of species in accordance with section 3 of the Environment Act 2021. The Regulations specify the standard to be achieved in respect of each target and the date by which it must be achieved. Part 2 makes provision in respect of a long-term biodiversity target to reduce the risk of species’ extinction by 2042, when compared to the risk of species’ extinction in 2022 (regulation 4). Regulation 5 makes provision in relation to how that target is to be measured. Regulation 6 provides that the reporting date for the species’ extinction risk target is 1st July 2043. Part 3 makes provision in respect of a long-term biodiversity target to ensure that in excess of 500,000 hectares of a range of wildlife-rich habitats are to be restored or created by 31st December 2042 (regulation 7). Regulation 8 makes provision in relation to how that target is to be measured. Regulation 9 provides that the reporting date for that target is 1st December 2043. Regulation 10 defines terms used in Part 3 including “wildlife-rich habitat”. Schedule 1 makes further provision in relation to the definition of “wildlife-rich habitat”. Part 4 makes provision in respect of the 2030 species abundance target to ensure that by 31st December 2030 (the specified date) the decline in the abundance of species has been halted (regulation 11). Regulation 12 makes provision in relation to how the 2030 species abundance target is to be measured. Schedule 2 provides a list of species for which data are included in the relative species abundance indices. Regulation 13 provides that the reporting date for that target is 15th April 2032. Part 4 also makes provision in respect of a long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance to ensure that the overall species abundance is higher by 31st December 2042 than for 31st December 2022, and at least 10% higher than for 31st December 2030 (regulation 14). Regulation 15 makes provision in relation to how the long-term biodiversity target to reverse the decline of species abundance is to be measured. Regulation 16 provides that the reporting date for that target is 15th April 2044. A full impact assessment of the effect that this instrument will have on the costs of business, the voluntary sector and the public sector is available from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Seacole Building, 2 Marsham Street, London SW1P 4DF, and is published with an Explanatory Memorandum alongside these Regulations on www.legislation.gov.uk. --- Source: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2022/9780348242966 (the official version) Page: https://openlegislation.uk/draft-environmental-targets-biodiversity-england-regulations-2022 Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives.