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Every member of the crew and spaceflight participant must receive training in withstanding the stresses of spaceflight activities, including training on—

(a)

the causes of disorientation, and what effects of disorientation may be experienced by crew and spaceflight participants during the various phases of flight,

(b)

what physical effects may be experienced as a result of—

(i)

gradual or instantaneous acceleration, and

(ii)

free-falling in circumstances equivalent to reduced gravity, and

how those effects may be mitigated,

(c)

how to reduce the effects of excessive noise and vibration, including the methods and equipment available for this purpose,

(d)

techniques available for countering anxiety, claustrophobia and other conditions which may be caused by restrictions on individual mobility or reduced ability to use the senses during spaceflight,

(e)

procedures for a loss of launch vehicle pressurisation, or a reduction in the level of launch vehicle pressurisation, including how to deal with depleted levels of oxygen and decompression sickness,

(f)

procedures for dealing with fires, smoke or other emergencies on board the launch vehicle when the supply of oxygen becomes contaminated, and

(g)

survival techniques following an evacuation, including basic first aid, so far as relevant to the operator’s intended spaceflight activities.