{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988.json",
  "id": "ukpga/1988/19",
  "title": "Employment Act 1988",
  "short_title": "Employment Act 1988",
  "long_title": "An Act to make provision with respect to trade unions, their members and their property, to things done for the purpose of enforcing membership of a trade union, to trade union ballots and elections and to proceedings involving trade unions; to provide for the Manpower Services Commission to be known as the Training Commission; to amend the law with respect to the constitution and functions of that Commission and with respect to persons to whom facilities for work-experience and training for employment are made available; to enable additional members to be appointed to industrial training boards and to the Agricultural Training Board; and to provide that the terms on which certain persons hold office or employment under the Crown are to be treated for certain purposes as contained in contracts of employment.",
  "citation": "1988 c. 19",
  "type": "ukpga",
  "year": "1988",
  "number": "19",
  "version": "current",
  "date": "1988-05-26",
  "revised": true,
  "valid_from": "2026-04-01",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "unapplied_effects": 0,
  "provisions": [
    {
      "path": "introduction",
      "kind": "introduction",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Introductory text",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/introduction",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "I",
      "heading": "Trade Unions",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/rights-of-trade-union-members",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Rights of trade union members",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/1",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-1",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/rights-of-trade-union-members"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/2",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-2",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/rights-of-trade-union-members"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/3",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "3",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-3",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/rights-of-trade-union-members"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/4",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "4",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-4",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/rights-of-trade-union-members"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/5",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "5",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-5",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/rights-of-trade-union-members"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/6",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "6",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-6",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/rights-of-trade-union-members"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/7",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "7",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-7",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/rights-of-trade-union-members"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/use-of-trade-union-funds",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Use of trade union funds",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/8",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "8",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-8",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/use-of-trade-union-funds"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/9",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "9",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-9",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/use-of-trade-union-funds"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/the-closed-shop-etc",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "The closed shop etc.",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/10",
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      "number": "10",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-10",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
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    },
    {
      "path": "section/11",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "11",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-11",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/the-closed-shop-etc"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-ballots-and-elections",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Provisions as to ballots and elections",
      "url": null,
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      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/12",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "12",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-12",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-ballots-and-elections"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/13",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "13",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-13",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-ballots-and-elections"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/14",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "14",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-14",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-ballots-and-elections"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/15",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "15",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-15",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-ballots-and-elections"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/16",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "16",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-16",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-ballots-and-elections"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/17",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "17",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-17",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-ballots-and-elections"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/18",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "18",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-18",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-ballots-and-elections"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/the-commissioner-for-the-rights-of-trade-union-members",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "The Commissioner for the Rights of Trade Union Members",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/19",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "19",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-19",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/the-commissioner-for-the-rights-of-trade-union-members"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-20",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/the-commissioner-for-the-rights-of-trade-union-members"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/21",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "21",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-21",
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      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/the-commissioner-for-the-rights-of-trade-union-members"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/procedure-before-the-certification-officer",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Procedure before the Certification Officer",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/22",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "22",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-22",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/procedure-before-the-certification-officer"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/interlocutory-and-interim-orders",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Interlocutory and interim orders",
      "url": null,
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      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/23",
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      "number": "23",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-23",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/interlocutory-and-interim-orders"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/II",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "II",
      "heading": "Employment and Training",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/24",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "24",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-24",
      "extent": null,
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/II"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/25",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "25",
      "heading": "Functions of the Secretary of State and of the Commission.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-25",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/II"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/26",
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      "heading": "Status of trainees etc.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-26",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
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    },
    {
      "path": "section/27",
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      "number": "27",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-27",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/II"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/28",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "28",
      "heading": "Amendment of section 4 of the 1973 Act.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-28",
      "extent": null,
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    },
    {
      "path": "section/29",
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      "heading": "Membership of training boards.",
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      "extent": null,
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    },
    {
      "path": "part/III",
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      "number": "III",
      "heading": "Miscellaneous and Supplemental",
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    },
    {
      "path": "part/III/crossheading/miscellaneous",
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    },
    {
      "path": "section/30",
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      "number": "30",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-30",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/III/crossheading/miscellaneous"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/III/crossheading/supplemental",
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      "heading": "Supplemental",
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    },
    {
      "path": "section/31",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "31",
      "heading": "Financial provisions.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-31",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/III/crossheading/supplemental"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/32",
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      "number": "32",
      "heading": "Interpretation.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-32",
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    },
    {
      "path": "section/33",
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      "number": "33",
      "heading": "Minor and consequential amendments and repeals.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-33",
      "extent": null,
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    },
    {
      "path": "section/34",
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      "number": "34",
      "heading": "Short title, commencement and extent.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/section-34",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/III/crossheading/supplemental"
    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1",
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      "heading": null,
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/crossheading/terms-of-appointment",
      "kind": "crossheading",
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      "heading": "Terms of appointment",
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      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
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    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/paragraph/1",
      "kind": "paragraph",
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      "heading": null,
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/schedule-1/paragraph-1",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "schedule/1/crossheading/terms-of-appointment"
    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/crossheading/remuneration-pensions-etc",
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      "heading": "Remuneration, pensions etc.",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "schedule/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/paragraph/2",
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      "heading": null,
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-act-1988/schedule-1/paragraph-2",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
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    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/crossheading/staff",
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    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/paragraph/3",
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    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/paragraph/4",
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    {
      "path": "schedule/1/paragraph/5",
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    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/paragraph/6",
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      "extent": "E+W+S",
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      "parent": "schedule/1/crossheading/staff"
    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/crossheading/payment-of-travelling-expenses-etc-to-applicants",
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      "number": null,
      "heading": "Payment of travelling expenses etc. to applicants",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "schedule/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/paragraph/7",
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    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/crossheading/financial-provisions",
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      "extent": "E+W+S",
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      "parent": "schedule/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/paragraph/8",
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    },
    {
      "path": "schedule/1/paragraph/9",
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      "extent": "E+W+S",
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