{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004.json",
  "id": "ukpga/2004/24",
  "title": "Employment Relations Act 2004",
  "short_title": "Employment Relations Act 2004",
  "long_title": "An Act to amend the law relating to the recognition of trade unions and the taking of industrial action; to make provision about means of voting in ballots under the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992; to amend provisions of that Act relating to rights of members and non-members of trade unions and to make other provision about rights of trade union members, employees and workers; to make further provision concerning the enforcement of legislation relating to minimum wages; to make further provision about proceedings before and appeals from the Certification Officer; to make further provision about the amalgamation of trade unions; to make provision facilitating the administration of trade unions and the carrying out by them of their functions; and for connected purposes.",
  "citation": "2004 c. 24",
  "type": "ukpga",
  "year": "2004",
  "number": "24",
  "version": "current",
  "date": "2004-09-16",
  "revised": true,
  "valid_from": "2026-04-07",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "unapplied_effects": 14,
  "provisions": [
    {
      "path": "introduction",
      "kind": "introduction",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Introductory text",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/introduction",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "Union recognition",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/1",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "Application for decision on whether proposed bargaining unit is appropriate",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-1",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/2",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "Power of the CAC to end period for agreement on bargaining unit",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-2",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/3",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "3",
      "heading": "Duty of employer to supply information to union",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-3",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/4",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "4",
      "heading": "Determination of appropriate bargaining unit",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-4",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/5",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "5",
      "heading": "Union communications with workers after acceptance of application",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-5",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/6",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "6",
      "heading": "Circumstances in which the CAC must arrange a ballot",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-6",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/7",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "7",
      "heading": "Power of the CAC to extend notification period",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-7",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/8",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "8",
      "heading": "Postal votes for workers absent from ballot at workplace",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-8",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/9",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "9",
      "heading": "Additional duties on employers informed of ballots",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-9",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/10",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "10",
      "heading": "Unfair practices in relation to recognition ballots",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-10",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/11",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "11",
      "heading": "Application where agreement does not cover pay, hours and holidays",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-11",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/12",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "12",
      "heading": "Employer’s notice to end bargaining arrangements",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-12",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/13",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "13",
      "heading": "Unfair practices in relation to derecognition ballots",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-13",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/14",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "14",
      "heading": "Appeals against demands for costs",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-14",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/15",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "15",
      "heading": "Power to amend Schedule A1 to the 1992 Act",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-15",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/16",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "16",
      "heading": "Means of communicating with workers",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-16",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/17",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "17",
      "heading": "Unfair practices: power to make provision about periods before notice of ballot",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-17",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/18",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "18",
      "heading": "Power to make provision about effect of amalgamations etc.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-18",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/19",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "19",
      "heading": "Information about union membership and employment in bargaining unit",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-19",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20",
      "heading": "“Pay” and other matters subject to collective bargaining",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-20",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/21",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "21",
      "heading": "Information required by ACAS for ballots and ascertaining union membership",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-21",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "Law relating to industrial action",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/22",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "22",
      "heading": "Information about employees to be balloted on industrial action",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-22",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/23",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "23",
      "heading": "Entitlement to vote in ballot on industrial action",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-23",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/24",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "24",
      "heading": "Inducement of members not accorded entitlement to vote",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-24",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/25",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "25",
      "heading": "Information about employees to be contained in notice of industrial action",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-25",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/26",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "26",
      "heading": "Dismissal where employees taking protected industrial action locked out",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-26",
      "extent": null,
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/27",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "27",
      "heading": "Date of dismissal",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-27",
      "extent": null,
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/28",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "28",
      "heading": "Dismissal after end of protected period",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-28",
      "extent": null,
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/3",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "3",
      "heading": "Rights of trade union members, workers and employees",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "part/3/crossheading/inducements-and-detriments-in-respect-of-membership-etc-of-independent-trade-union",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Inducements and detriments in respect of membership etc. of independent trade union",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/29",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "29",
      "heading": "Inducements relating to union membership or activities",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-29",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/inducements-and-detriments-in-respect-of-membership-etc-of-independent-trade-union"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/30",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "30",
      "heading": "Extension of protection against detriment for union membership etc.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-30",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/inducements-and-detriments-in-respect-of-membership-etc-of-independent-trade-union"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/31",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "31",
      "heading": "Detriment for use of union services or refusal of inducement",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-31",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/inducements-and-detriments-in-respect-of-membership-etc-of-independent-trade-union"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/32",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "32",
      "heading": "Dismissal for use of union services or refusal of inducement",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-32",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/inducements-and-detriments-in-respect-of-membership-etc-of-independent-trade-union"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/3/crossheading/exclusion-and-expulsion-from-trade-unions",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Exclusion and expulsion from trade unions",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/33",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "33",
      "heading": "Exclusion or expulsion from trade union attributable to conduct",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-33",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/exclusion-and-expulsion-from-trade-unions"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/34",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "34",
      "heading": "Applications no longer to be made to Employment Appeal Tribunal",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-34",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/exclusion-and-expulsion-from-trade-unions"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/3/crossheading/other-rights-of-workers-and-employees",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Other rights of workers and employees",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/35",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "35",
      "heading": "Disapplication of qualifying period and upper age limit for unfair dismissal",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-35",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/other-rights-of-workers-and-employees"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/36",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "36",
      "heading": "National security: powers of employment tribunals",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-36",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/other-rights-of-workers-and-employees"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/37",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "37",
      "heading": "Role of companion at disciplinary or grievance hearing",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-37",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/other-rights-of-workers-and-employees"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/38",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "38",
      "heading": "Extension of jurisdiction of Employment Appeal Tribunal",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-38",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/other-rights-of-workers-and-employees"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/39",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "39",
      "heading": "Ways in which provision conferring rights on individuals may be made",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-39",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/other-rights-of-workers-and-employees"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/40",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "40",
      "heading": "Protection of employees in respect of jury service",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-40",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/other-rights-of-workers-and-employees"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/41",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "41",
      "heading": "Flexible working",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-41",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/other-rights-of-workers-and-employees"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/42",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "42",
      "heading": "Information and consultation: Great Britain",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-42",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/other-rights-of-workers-and-employees"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/43",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "43",
      "heading": "Information and consultation: Northern Ireland",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-43",
      "extent": "N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/3/crossheading/other-rights-of-workers-and-employees"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/4",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "4",
      "heading": "Enforcement of minimum wage legislation",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/44",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "44",
      "heading": "Information supplied by worker and employer",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-44",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/4"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/45",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "45",
      "heading": "Enforcement notices",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-45",
      "extent": null,
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/4"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/46",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "46",
      "heading": "Withdrawal and replacement of, and appeals against, notices",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-46",
      "extent": null,
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/4"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/47",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "47",
      "heading": "Enforcement officers for agricultural wages legislation",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-47",
      "extent": null,
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/4"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/5",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "5",
      "heading": "The Certification Officer",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/48",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "48",
      "heading": "Striking out by Certification Officer of applications or complaints",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-48",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/5"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/49",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "49",
      "heading": "Restriction of proceedings orders: proceedings before Certification Officer",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-49",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/5"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/50",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "50",
      "heading": "Amalgamations: approval, listing and certification",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-50",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/5"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/51",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "51",
      "heading": "Restriction of grounds of appeal from Certification Officer",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-51",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/5"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/6",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "6",
      "heading": "Miscellaneous",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/52",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "52",
      "heading": "Additional case in which election for president of union not required",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-52",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/53",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "53",
      "heading": "Removal of rule preventing appointment of body corporate as auditor",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-53",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/54",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "54",
      "heading": "Means of voting in ballots and elections",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-54",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/55",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "55",
      "heading": "Provision of money for trade union modernisation",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-55",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/7",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "7",
      "heading": "Supplementary provisions",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/56",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "56",
      "heading": "Meaning of “the 1992 Act”",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-56",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/7"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/57",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "57",
      "heading": "Minor and consequential amendments and repeals",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-57",
      "extent": "E+W+S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/7"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/58",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "58",
      "heading": "Corresponding provision for Northern Ireland",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/employment-relations-act-2004/section-58",
      "extent": "N.I.",
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