{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-decision-2012-134/annex/division-5/division-10/division-1.10/division-1.10.2",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-decision-2012-134/annex/division-5/division-10/division-1.10/division-1.10.2.json",
  "legislation": "eudn/2012/134",
  "legislation_title": "Commission Implementing Decision of 28 February 2012 establishing the best available techniques (BAT) conclusions under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions for the manufacture of glass (notified under document C(2012) 865) (Text with EEA relevance) (2012/134/EU)",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-decision-2012-134",
  "path": "annex/division/5/division/10/division/1.10/division/1.10.2",
  "kind": "division",
  "number": "1.10.2",
  "heading": "NOX emissions",
  "text": "Technique\nDescription\nCombustion modifications\n(i)\nReduction of air/fuel ratio\nThe technique is mainly based on the following features:\nminimisation of air leakages into the furnace\ncareful control of air used for combustion\nmodified design of the furnace combustion chamber\n(ii)\nReduced combustion air temperature\nThe use of recuperative furnaces, in place of regenerative furnaces, results in a reduced air preheat temperature and, consequently, a lower flame temperature. However, this is associated with a lower furnace efficiency (lower specific pull), lower fuel efficiency and higher fuel demand, resulting in potentially higher emissions (kg/tonne of glass)\n(iii)\nStaged combustion\n— Air staging involves substoichiometric firing and the addition of the remaining air or oxygen into the furnace to complete combustion.\n— Fuel staging a low impulse primary flame is developed in the port neck (10 % of total energy); a secondary flame covers the root of the primary flame reducing its core temperature\n(iv)\nFlue-gas recirculation\nImplies the reinjection of waste gas from the furnace into the flame to reduce the oxygen content and therefore the temperature of the flame.\nThe use of special burners is based on internal recirculation of combustion gases which cool the root of the flames and reduce the oxygen content in the hottest part of the flames\n(v)\nLow-NOX burners\nThe technique is based on the principles of reducing peak flame temperatures, delaying but completing the combustion and increasing the heat transfer (increased emissivity of the flame). It may be associated with a modified design of the furnace combustion chamber\n(vi)\nFuel choice\nIn general, oil-fired furnaces show lower NOX emissions than gas-fired furnaces due to better thermal emissivity and lower flame temperatures\nSpecial furnace design\nRecuperative type furnace that integrates various features, allowing for lower flame temperatures. The main features are:\nspecific type of burners (number and positioning)\nmodified geometry of the furnace (height and size)\ntwo-stage raw material preheating with waste gases passing over the raw materials entering the furnace and an external cullet preheater downstream of the recuperator used for preheating the combustion air\nElectric melting\nThe technique consists of a melting furnace where the energy is provided by resistive heating. The main features are:\nelectrodes are generally inserted at the bottom of the furnace (cold-top)\nnitrates are often required in the batch composition of cold-top electric furnaces to provide the necessary oxidising conditions for a stable, safe and efficient manufacturing process\nOxy-fuel melting\nThe technique involves the replacement of the combustion air with oxygen (> 90 % purity), with consequent elimination/reduction of thermal NOX formation from nitrogen entering the furnace. The residual nitrogen content in the furnace depends on the purity of the oxygen supplied, on the quality of the fuel (% N2 in natural gas) and on the potential air inlet\nChemical reduction by fuel\nThe technique is based on the injection of fossil fuel to the waste gas with chemical reduction of NOX to N2 through a series of reactions. In the 3R process, the fuel (natural gas or oil) is injected at the regenerator entrance. The technology is designed for use in regenerative furnaces\nSelective catalytic reduction (SCR)\nThe technique is based on the reduction of NOX to nitrogen in a catalytic bed by reaction with ammonia (in general aqueous solution) at an optimum operating temperature of around 300 – 450 °C.\nOne or two layers of catalyst may be applied. A higher NOX reduction is achieved with the use of higher amounts of catalyst (two layers)\nSelective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR)\nThe technique is based on the reduction of NOX to nitrogen by reaction with ammonia or urea at a high temperature.\nThe operating temperature window must be maintained between 900 and 1 050 °C\nMinimising the use of nitrates in the batch formulation\nThe minimisation of nitrates is used to reduce NOX emissions deriving from the decomposition of these raw materials when applied as an oxidising agent for very high quality products where a very colourless (clear) glass is required or for other glasses to provide the required characteristics. The following options may be applied:\nReduce the presence of nitrates in the batch formulation to the minimum commensurate with the product and melting requirements.\nSubstitute nitrates with alternative materials. Effective alternatives are sulphates, arsenic oxides, cerium oxide.\nApply process modifications (e.g. special oxidising combustion conditions)",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [],
  "outstanding_effects": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudn/2012/134/annex/division/5/division/10/division/1.10/division/1.10.2",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-11-01T15:15:31.348652+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}