Division BAT 2
United Kingdom
In order to use energy efficiently, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below.
| Technique | Applicability | |
|---|---|---|
| a | Energy efficiency management system (e.g. ISO 50001) | Generally applicable |
| b | Regenerative or recuperative burners | Generally applicable |
| c | Heat recovery (e.g. steam, hot water, hot air) from waste process heat | Only applicable for pyrometallurgical processes |
| d | Regenerative thermal oxidiser | Only applicable when the abatement of a combustible pollutant is required |
| e | Preheat the furnace charge, combustion air or fuel using the heat recovered from hot gases from the melting stage | Only applicable for roasting or smelting of sulphide ore/concentrate and for other pyrometallurgical processes |
| f | Raise the temperature of the leaching liquors using steam or hot water from waste heat recovery | Only applicable for alumina or hydrometallurgical processes |
| g | Use hot gases from the launder as preheated combustion air | Only applicable for pyrometallurgical processes |
| h | Use oxygen-enriched air or pure oxygen in the burners to reduce energy consumption by allowing autogenous smelting or the complete combustion of carbonaceous material | Only applicable for furnaces that use raw materials containing sulphur or carbon |
| i | Dry concentrates and wet raw materials at low temperatures | Only applicable when drying is performed |
| j | Recover the chemical energy content of the carbon monoxide produced in an electric or shaft/blast furnace by using the exhaust gases as a fuel, after the removal of metals, in other production processes or to produce steam/hot water or electricity | Only applicable to exhaust gases with a CO content > 10 vol-%. Applicability is also influenced by the composition of the exhaust gas and the unavailability of a continuous flow (i.e. batch processes) |
| k | Recirculate the flue-gas back through an oxy-fuel burner to recover the energy contained in the total organic carbon present | Generally applicable |
| l | Suitable insulation for high temperature equipment such as steam and hot water pipes | Generally applicable |
| m | Use the heat generated from the production of sulphuric acid from sulphur dioxide to preheat gas directed to the sulphuric acid plant or to generate steam and/or hot water | Only applicable for non-ferrous metals plants including sulphuric acid or liquid SO2 production |
| n | Use high efficiency electric motors equipped with variable-frequency drive, for equipment such as fans | Generally applicable |
| o | Use control systems that automatically activate the air extraction system or adjust the extraction rate depending on actual emissions | Generally applicable |