{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-decision-2017-1442/annex/division-2/division-2.1/division-2.1.4/division-1",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-decision-2017-1442/annex/division-2/division-2.1/division-2.1.4/division-1.json",
  "legislation": "eudn/2017/1442",
  "legislation_title": "Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2017/1442 of 31 July 2017 establishing best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for large combustion plants (notified under document C(2017) 5225) (Text with EEA relevance)",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-decision-2017-1442",
  "path": "annex/division/2/division/2.1/division/2.1.4/division/1",
  "kind": "division",
  "number": "BAT 21",
  "heading": "In order to prevent or reduce SOX, HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of coal and/or lignite, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.",
  "text": "Technique\nDescription\nApplicability\na.\nBoiler sorbent injection (in-furnace or in-bed)\nSee description in Section 8.4\nGenerally applicable\nb.\nDuct sorbent injection (DSI)\nSee description in Section 8.4.\nThe technique can be used for HCl/HF removal when no specific FGD end-of-pipe technique is implemented\nc.\nSpray dry absorber (SDA)\nSee description in Section 8.4\nd.\nCirculating fluidised bed (CFB) dry scrubber\ne.\nWet scrubbing\nSee description in Section 8.4.\nThe techniques can be used for HCl/HF removal when no specific FGD end-of-pipe technique is implemented\nf.\nWet flue-gas desulphurisation (wet FGD)\nSee description in Section 8.4\nNot applicable to combustion plants operated < 500 h/yr.\nThere may be technical and economic restrictions for applying the technique to combustion plants of < 300 MWth, and for retrofitting existing combustion plants operated between 500 h/yr and 1 500 h/yr\ng.\nSeawater FGD\nh.\nCombined techniques for NOX and SOX reduction\nApplicable on a case-by-case basis, depending on the fuel characteristics and combustion process\ni.\nReplacement or removal of the gas-gas heater located downstream of the wet FGD\nReplacement of the gas-gas heater downstream of the wet FGD by a multi-pipe heat extractor, or removal and discharge of the flue-gas via a cooling tower or a wet stack\nOnly applicable when the heat exchanger needs to be changed or replaced in combustion plants fitted with wet FGD and a downstream gas-gas heater\nj.\nFuel choice\nSee description in Section 8.4.\nUse of fuel with low sulphur (e.g. down to 0,1 wt-%, dry basis), chlorine or fluorine content\nApplicable within the constraints associated with the availability of different types of fuel, which may be impacted by the energy policy of the Member State. The applicability may be limited due to design constraints in the case of combustion plants combusting highly specific indigenous fuels\nTable 4\nBAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for SO2 emissions to air from the combustion of coal and/or lignite\nThese BAT-AELs do not apply to plants operated < 1 500 h/yr.\nFor plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative.\nIn the case of plants put into operation no later than 7 January 2014, the upper end of the BAT-AEL range is 250 mg/Nm3.\nThe lower end of the range can be achieved with the use of low-sulphur fuels in combination with the most advanced wet abatement system designs.\nThe higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 220 mg/Nm3 in the case of plants put into operation no later than 7 January 2014 and operated < 1 500 h/yr. For other existing plants put into operation no later than 7 January 2014, the higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 205 mg/Nm3.\nFor circulating fluidised bed boilers, the lower end of the range can be achieved by using high-efficiency wet FGD. The higher end of the range can be achieved by using boiler in-bed sorbent injection.\nCombustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth)\nBAT-AELs (mg/Nm3)\nYearly average\nDaily average\nDaily average or average over the sampling period\nNew plant\nExisting plant\nNew plant\nExisting plant\n< 100\n150–200\n150–360\n170–220\n170–400\n100–300\n80–150\n95–200\n135–200\n135–220\n≥ 300, PC boiler\n10–75\n10–130\n25–110\n25–165\n≥ 300, Fluidised bed boiler\n20–75\n20–180\n25–110\n50–220\nFor a combustion plant with a total rated thermal input of more than 300 MW, which is specifically designed to fire indigenous lignite fuels and which can demonstrate that it cannot achieve the BAT-AELs mentioned in Table 4 for techno-economic reasons, the daily average BAT-AELs set out in Table 4 do not apply, and the upper end of the yearly average BAT-AEL range is as follows:\n(i) for a new FGD system: RCG × 0,01 with a maximum of 200 mg/Nm3;\n(ii) for an existing FGD system: RCG × 0,03 with a maximum of 320 mg/Nm3;\nin which RCG represents the concentration of SO2 in the raw flue-gas as a yearly average (under the standard conditions given under General considerations) at the inlet of the SOX abatement system, expressed at a reference oxygen content of 6 vol- % O2.\n(iii) If boiler sorbent injection is applied as part of the FGD system, the RCG may be adjusted by taking into account the SO2 reduction efficiency of this technique (ηBSI), as follows: RCG (adjusted) = RCG (measured)/(1-ηBSI).\nTable 5\nBAT-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs) for HCl and HF emissions to air from the combustion of coal and/or lignite\nThe lower end of these BAT-AEL ranges may be difficult to achieve in the case of plants fitted with wet FGD and a downstream gas-gas heater.\nThe higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 20 mg/Nm3 in the following cases: plants combusting fuels where the average chlorine content is 1 000 mg/kg (dry) or higher; plants operated < 1 500 h/yr; FBC boilers. For plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative.\nIn the case of plants fitted with wet FGD with a downstream gas-gas heater, the higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 7 mg/Nm3.\nThe higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 7 mg/Nm3 in the following cases: plants fitted with wet FGD with a downstream gas-gas heater; plants operated < 1 500 h/yr; FBC boilers. For plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative.\nPollutant\nCombustion plant total rated thermal input(MWth)\nBAT-AELs (mg/Nm3)\nYearly average or average of samples obtained during one year\nNew plant\nExisting plant\nHCl\n< 100\n1–6\n2–10\n≥ 100\n1–3\n1–5\nHF\n< 100\n< 1–3\n< 1–6\n≥ 100\n< 1–2\n< 1–3",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f1",
      "text": "These BAT-AELs do not apply to plants operated < 1 500 h/yr."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f2",
      "text": "For plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f3",
      "text": "In the case of plants put into operation no later than 7 January 2014, the upper end of the BAT-AEL range is 250 mg/Nm3."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f4",
      "text": "The lower end of the range can be achieved with the use of low-sulphur fuels in combination with the most advanced wet abatement system designs."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f5",
      "text": "The higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 220 mg/Nm3 in the case of plants put into operation no later than 7 January 2014 and operated < 1 500 h/yr. For other existing plants put into operation no later than 7 January 2014, the higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 205 mg/Nm3."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f6",
      "text": "For circulating fluidised bed boilers, the lower end of the range can be achieved by using high-efficiency wet FGD. The higher end of the range can be achieved by using boiler in-bed sorbent injection."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f7",
      "text": "The lower end of these BAT-AEL ranges may be difficult to achieve in the case of plants fitted with wet FGD and a downstream gas-gas heater."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f8",
      "text": "The higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 20 mg/Nm3 in the following cases: plants combusting fuels where the average chlorine content is 1 000 mg/kg (dry) or higher; plants operated < 1 500 h/yr; FBC boilers. For plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f9",
      "text": "In the case of plants fitted with wet FGD with a downstream gas-gas heater, the higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 7 mg/Nm3."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f10",
      "text": "The higher end of the BAT-AEL range is 7 mg/Nm3 in the following cases: plants fitted with wet FGD with a downstream gas-gas heater; plants operated < 1 500 h/yr; FBC boilers. For plants operated < 500 h/yr, these levels are indicative."
    }
  ],
  "outstanding_effects": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudn/2017/1442/annex/division/2/division/2.1/division/2.1.4/division/1",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-11-01T15:13:23.628050+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}