{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-decision-2019-2010/annex/division-1/division-1.4/division-2",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-decision-2019-2010/annex/division-1/division-1.4/division-2.json",
  "legislation": "eudn/2019/2010",
  "legislation_title": "Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2019/2010 of 12 November 2019 establishing the best available techniques (BAT) conclusions, under Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, for waste incineration (notified under document C(2019) 7987) (Text with EEA relevance)",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-decision-2019-2010",
  "path": "annex/division/1/division/1.4/division/2",
  "kind": "division",
  "number": null,
  "heading": "Applicability",
  "text": "In the case of plants dedicated to the incineration of hazardous waste, the applicability may be limited by:\nthe stickiness of the fly ashes;\nthe corrosiveness of the flue-gas.\nBAT 20. In order to increase the energy efficiency of the incineration plant, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below.\nTechnique\nDescription\nApplicability\n(a)\nDrying of sewage sludge\nAfter mechanical dewatering, sewage sludge is further dried, using for example low-grade heat, before it is fed to the furnace.\nThe extent to which sludge can be dried depends on the furnace feeding system.\nApplicable within the constraints associated with the availability of low-grade heat.\n(b)\nReduction of the flue-gas flow\nThe flue-gas flow is reduced through, e.g.:\nimproving the primary and secondary combustion air distribution;\nflue-gas recirculation (see Section 2.2).\nA smaller flue-gas flow reduces the energy demand of the plant (e.g. for induced draught fans).\nFor existing plants, the applicability of flue-gas recirculation may be limited due to technical constraints (e.g. pollutant load in the flue-gas, incineration conditions).\n(c)\nMinimisation of heat losses\nHeat losses are minimised through, e.g.:\nuse of integral furnace-boilers, allowing for heat to also be recovered from the furnace sides;\nthermal insulation of furnaces and boilers;\nflue-gas recirculation (see Section 2.2);\nrecovery of heat from the cooling of slags and bottom ashes (see BAT 20(i)).\nIntegral furnace-boilers are not applicable to rotary kilns or to other furnaces dedicated to the high-temperature incineration of hazardous waste.\n(d)\nOptimisation of the boiler design\nThe heat transfer in the boiler is improved by optimising, for example, the:\nflue-gas velocity and distribution;\nwater/steam circulation;\nconvection bundles;\non-line and off-line boiler cleaning systems in order to minimise the fouling of the convection bundles.\nApplicable to new plants and to major retrofits of existing plants.\n(e)\nLow-temperature flue-gas heat exchangers\nSpecial corrosion-resistant heat exchangers are used to recover additional energy from the flue-gas at the boiler exit, after an ESP, or after a dry sorbent injection system.\nApplicable within the constraints of the operating temperature profile of the FGC system.\nIn the case of existing plants, the applicability may be limited by a lack of space.\n(f)\nHigh steam conditions\nThe higher the steam conditions (temperature and pressure), the higher the electricity conversion efficiency allowed by the steam cycle.\nWorking at high steam conditions (e.g. above 45 bar, 400 °C) requires the use of special steel alloys or refractory cladding to protect the boiler sections that are exposed to the highest temperatures.\nApplicable to new plants and to major retrofits of existing plants, where the plant is mainly oriented towards the generation of electricity.\nThe applicability may be limited by:\nthe stickiness of the fly ashes;\nthe corrosiveness of the flue-gas.\n(g)\nCogeneration\nCogeneration of heat and electricity where the heat (mainly from the steam that leaves the turbine) is used for producing hot water/steam to be used in industrial processes/activities or in a district heating/cooling network.\nApplicable within the constraints associated with the local heat and power demand and/or availability of networks.\n(h)\nFlue-gas condenser\nA heat exchanger or a scrubber with a heat exchanger, where the water vapour contained in the flue-gas condenses, transferring the latent heat to water at a sufficiently low temperature (e.g. return flow of a district heating network).\nThe flue-gas condenser also provides co-benefits by reducing emissions to air (e.g. of dust and acid gases).\nThe use of heat pumps can increase the amount of energy recovered from flue-gas condensation.\nApplicable within the constraints associated with the demand for low-temperature heat, e.g. by the availability of a district heating network with a sufficiently low return temperature.\n(i)\nDry bottom ash handling\nDry, hot bottom ash falls from the grate onto a transport system and is cooled down by ambient air. Energy is recovered by using the cooling air for combustion.\nOnly applicable to grate furnaces.\nThere may be technical restrictions that prevent retrofitting to existing furnaces.\nTable 2\nBAT-associated energy efficiency levels (BAT-AEELs) for the incineration of waste\nThe BAT-AEEL only applies where a heat recovery boiler is applicable.\nThe BAT-AEELs for gross electrical efficiency only apply to plants or parts of plants producing electricity using a condensing turbine.\nThe higher end of the BAT-AEEL range can be achieved when using BAT 20(f).\nThe BAT-AEELs for gross energy efficiency only apply to plants or parts of plants producing only heat or producing electricity using a back-pressure turbine and heat with the steam leaving the turbine.\nA gross energy efficiency exceeding the higher end of the BAT-AEEL range (even above 100 %) can be achieved where a flue-gas condenser is used.\nFor the incineration of sewage sludge, the boiler efficiency is highly dependent on the water content of the sewage sludge as fed into the furnace.\n(%)\nBAT-AEEL\nPlant\nMunicipal solid waste, other non-hazardous waste and hazardous wood waste\nHazardous waste other than hazardous wood waste\nSewage sludge\nGross electrical efficiency\nGross energy efficiency\nBoiler efficiency\nNew plant\n25–35\n72–91\n60–80\n60–70\nExisting plant\n20–35\nThe associated monitoring is in BAT 2.",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f1",
      "text": "The BAT-AEEL only applies where a heat recovery boiler is applicable."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f2",
      "text": "The BAT-AEELs for gross electrical efficiency only apply to plants or parts of plants producing electricity using a condensing turbine."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f3",
      "text": "The higher end of the BAT-AEEL range can be achieved when using BAT 20(f)."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f4",
      "text": "The BAT-AEELs for gross energy efficiency only apply to plants or parts of plants producing only heat or producing electricity using a back-pressure turbine and heat with the steam leaving the turbine."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f5",
      "text": "A gross energy efficiency exceeding the higher end of the BAT-AEEL range (even above 100 %) can be achieved where a flue-gas condenser is used."
    },
    {
      "type": "footnote",
      "label": "f6",
      "text": "For the incineration of sewage sludge, the boiler efficiency is highly dependent on the water content of the sewage sludge as fed into the furnace."
    }
  ],
  "outstanding_effects": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudn/2019/2010/annex/division/1/division/1.4/division/2",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-11-01T15:12:29.772187+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}