{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-1987-54/article-1",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-1987-54/article-1.json",
  "legislation": "eudr/1987/54",
  "legislation_title": "Council Directive of 16 December 1986 on the legal protection of topographies of semiconductor products (87/54/EEC)",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-1987-54",
  "path": "article/1",
  "kind": "article",
  "number": "1",
  "heading": null,
  "text": "1. For the purposes of this Directive:\n(a) a ‘semiconductor product’ shall mean the final or an intermediate form of any product:\n(i) consisting of a body of material which includes a layer of semiconducting material; and\n(ii) having one or more other layers composed of conducting, insulating or semiconducting material, the layers being arranged in accordance with a predetermined three-dimensional pattern; and\n(iii) intended to perform, exclusively or together with other functions, an electronic function;\n(b) the ‘topography’ of a semiconductor product shall mean a series of related images, however fixed or encoded;\n(i) representing the three-dimensional pattern of the layers of which a semiconductor product is composed; and\n(ii) in which series, each image has the pattern or part of the pattern of a surface of the semiconductor product at any stage of its manufacture;\n(c) ‘commercial exploitation’ means the sale, rental, leasing or any other method of commercial distribution, or an offer for these purposes. However, for the purposes of Articles 3 (4), 4 (1), 7 (1), (3) and (4) ‘commercial exploitation’ shall not include exploitation under conditions of confidentiality to the extent that no further distribution to third parties occurs, except where exploitation of a topography takes place under conditions of confidentiality required by a measure taken in conformity with Article 223 (1) (b) of the Treaty.\n2. The Council acting by qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, may amend paragraph 1 (a) (i) and (ii) in order to adapt these provisions in the light of technical progress.",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [],
  "outstanding_effects": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudr/1987/54/article/1",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-11-01T15:23:33.013706+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}