{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2009-31/annex-I/division-3/division-2",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2009-31/annex-I/division-3/division-2.json",
  "legislation": "eudr/2009/31",
  "legislation_title": "Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 (Text with EEA relevance)",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2009-31",
  "path": "annex/I/division/3/division/2",
  "kind": "division",
  "number": null,
  "heading": "Step 3.1: Characterisation of the storage dynamic behaviour",
  "text": "At least the following factors shall be considered:\n(a) possible injection rates and CO2 stream properties;\n(b) the efficacy of coupled process modelling (that is, the way various single effects in the simulator(s) interact);\n(c) reactive processes (that is, the way reactions of the injected CO2 with in situ minerals feedback in the model);\n(d) the reservoir simulator used (multiple simulations may be required in order to validate certain findings);\n(e) short and long-term simulations (to establish CO2 fate and behaviour over decades and millennia, including the rate of dissolution of CO2 in water).\nThe dynamic modelling shall provide insight into:\n(f) pressure and temperature of the storage formation as a function of injection rate and accumulative injection amount over time;\n(g) areal and vertical extent of CO2 vs time;\n(h) the nature of CO2 flow in the reservoir, including phase behaviour;\n(i) CO2 trapping mechanisms and rates (including spill points and lateral and vertical seals);\n(j) secondary containment systems in the overall storage complex;\n(k) storage capacity and pressure gradients in the storage site;\n(l) the risk of fracturing the storage formation(s) and caprock;\n(m) the risk of CO2 entry into the caprock;\n(n) the risk of leakage from the storage site (for example, through abandoned or inadequately sealed wells);\n(o) the rate of migration (in open-ended reservoirs);\n(p) fracture sealing rates;\n(q) changes in formation(s) fluid chemistry and subsequent reactions (for example, pH change, mineral formation) and inclusion of reactive modelling to assess affects;\n(r) displacement of formation fluids;\n(s) increased seismicity and elevation at surface level.",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [],
  "outstanding_effects": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudr/2009/31/annex/I/division/3/division/2",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-11-01T15:22:13.911115+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}