# Directive 2009/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the geological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 (Text with EEA relevance), Division: Step 3.1: Characterisation of the storage dynamic behaviour

Extent: E+W+S+N.I.

At least the following factors shall be considered:
(a) possible injection rates and CO2 stream properties;
(b) the efficacy of coupled process modelling (that is, the way various single effects in the simulator(s) interact);
(c) reactive processes (that is, the way reactions of the injected CO2 with in situ minerals feedback in the model);
(d) the reservoir simulator used (multiple simulations may be required in order to validate certain findings);
(e) short and long-term simulations (to establish CO2 fate and behaviour over decades and millennia, including the rate of dissolution of CO2 in water).
The dynamic modelling shall provide insight into:
(f) pressure and temperature of the storage formation as a function of injection rate and accumulative injection amount over time;
(g) areal and vertical extent of CO2 vs time;
(h) the nature of CO2 flow in the reservoir, including phase behaviour;
(i) CO2 trapping mechanisms and rates (including spill points and lateral and vertical seals);
(j) secondary containment systems in the overall storage complex;
(k) storage capacity and pressure gradients in the storage site;
(l) the risk of fracturing the storage formation(s) and caprock;
(m) the risk of CO2 entry into the caprock;
(n) the risk of leakage from the storage site (for example, through abandoned or inadequately sealed wells);
(o) the rate of migration (in open-ended reservoirs);
(p) fracture sealing rates;
(q) changes in formation(s) fluid chemistry and subsequent reactions (for example, pH change, mineral formation) and inclusion of reactive modelling to assess affects;
(r) displacement of formation fluids;
(s) increased seismicity and elevation at surface level.

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Source: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudr/2009/31/annex/I/division/3/division/2 (the official version)
Page: https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2009-31/annex-I/division-3/division-2
Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives.