{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436.json",
  "id": "eudr/2015/2436",
  "title": "Directive (EU) 2015/2436 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2015 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (Recast) (Text with EEA relevance)",
  "short_title": "Directive (EU) 2015/2436 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks",
  "long_title": "Directive (EU) 2015/2436 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2015 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (Recast) (Text with EEA relevance)",
  "citation": "EU Directive 2015/2436",
  "type": "eudr",
  "year": "2015",
  "number": "2436",
  "version": "current",
  "date": "2015-12-16",
  "revised": false,
  "valid_from": null,
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "unapplied_effects": 0,
  "provisions": [
    {
      "path": "introduction",
      "kind": "introduction",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Introductory text",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/introduction",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/1",
      "kind": "chapter",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "GENERAL PROVISIONS",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "article/1",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "Scope",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-1",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/2",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "Definitions",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-2",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/2",
      "kind": "chapter",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "SUBSTANTIVE LAW ON TRADE MARKS",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/2/section/1",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "Signs of which a trade mark may consist",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/3",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "3",
      "heading": "Signs of which a trade mark may consist",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-3",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/2/section/2",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "Grounds for refusal or invalidity",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/4",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "4",
      "heading": "Absolute grounds for refusal or invalidity",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-4",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/5",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "5",
      "heading": "Relative grounds for refusal or invalidity",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-5",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/6",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "6",
      "heading": "Establishment a posteriori of invalidity or revocation of a trade mark",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-6",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/7",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "7",
      "heading": "Grounds for refusal or invalidity relating to only some of the goods or services",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-7",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/8",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "8",
      "heading": "Lack of distinctive character or of reputation of an earlier trade mark precluding a declaration of invalidity of a registered trade mark",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-8",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/9",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "9",
      "heading": "Preclusion of a declaration of invalidity due to acquiescence",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-9",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/2/section/3",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "3",
      "heading": "Rights conferred and limitations",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/10",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "10",
      "heading": "Rights conferred by a trade mark",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-10",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/11",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "11",
      "heading": "The right to prohibit preparatory acts in relation to the use of packaging or other means",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-11",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/12",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "12",
      "heading": "Reproduction of trade marks in dictionaries",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-12",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/13",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "13",
      "heading": "Prohibition of the use of a trade mark registered in the name of an agent or representative",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-13",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/14",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "14",
      "heading": "Limitation of the effects of a trade mark",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-14",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/15",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "15",
      "heading": "Exhaustion of the rights conferred by a trade mark",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-15",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/16",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "16",
      "heading": "Use of trade marks",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-16",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/17",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "17",
      "heading": "Non-use as defence in infringement proceedings",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-17",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/18",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "18",
      "heading": "Intervening right of the proprietor of a later registered trade mark as defence in infringement proceedings",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-18",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/2/section/4",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "4",
      "heading": "Revocation of trade mark rights",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/19",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "19",
      "heading": "Absence of genuine use as ground for revocation",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-19",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/4"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/20",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "20",
      "heading": "Trade mark having become generic or misleading indication as grounds for revocation",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-20",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/4"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/21",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "21",
      "heading": "Revocation relating to only some of the goods or services",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-21",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/4"
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/2/section/5",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "5",
      "heading": "Trade marks as objects of property",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/22",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "22",
      "heading": "Transfer of registered trade marks",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-22",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/5"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/23",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "23",
      "heading": "Rights in rem",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-23",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/5"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/24",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "24",
      "heading": "Levy of execution",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-24",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/5"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/25",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "25",
      "heading": "Licensing",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-25",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/5"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/26",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "26",
      "heading": "Applications for a trade mark as an object of property",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-26",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/5"
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/2/section/6",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "6",
      "heading": "Guarantee or certification marks and collective marks",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/27",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "27",
      "heading": "Definitions",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-27",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/28",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "28",
      "heading": "Guarantee or certification marks",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-28",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/29",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "29",
      "heading": "Collective marks",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-29",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/30",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "30",
      "heading": "Regulations governing use of a collective mark",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-30",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/31",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "31",
      "heading": "Refusal of an application",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-31",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/32",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "32",
      "heading": "Use of collective marks",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-32",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/33",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "33",
      "heading": "Amendments to the regulations governing use of a collective mark",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-33",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/34",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "34",
      "heading": "Persons entitled to bring an action for infringement",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-34",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/35",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "35",
      "heading": "Additional grounds for revocation",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-35",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/36",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "36",
      "heading": "Additional grounds for invalidity",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-36",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/2/section/6"
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/3",
      "kind": "chapter",
      "number": "3",
      "heading": "PROCEDURES",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/3/section/1",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "Application and registration",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/37",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "37",
      "heading": "Application requirements",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-37",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/38",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "38",
      "heading": "Date of filing",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-38",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/39",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "39",
      "heading": "Designation and classification of goods and services",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-39",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/40",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "40",
      "heading": "Observations by third parties",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-40",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/41",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "41",
      "heading": "Division of applications and registrations",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-41",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/42",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "42",
      "heading": "Class fees",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-42",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/3/section/2",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "Procedures for opposition, revocation and invalidity",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/43",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "43",
      "heading": "Opposition procedure",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-43",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/44",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "44",
      "heading": "Non-use as defence in opposition proceedings",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-44",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/45",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "45",
      "heading": "Procedure for revocation or declaration of invalidity",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-45",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/46",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "46",
      "heading": "Non-use as a defence in proceedings seeking a declaration of invalidity",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-46",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/47",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "47",
      "heading": "Consequences of revocation and invalidity",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-47",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/3/section/3",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "3",
      "heading": "Duration and renewal of registration",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/48",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "48",
      "heading": "Duration of registration",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-48",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/49",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "49",
      "heading": "Renewal",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-49",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/3/section/4",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "4",
      "heading": "Communication with the office",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/50",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "50",
      "heading": "Communication with the office",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-50",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/3/section/4"
    },
    {
      "path": "chapter/4",
      "kind": "chapter",
      "number": "4",
      "heading": "ADMINISTRATIVE COOPERATION",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "article/51",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "51",
      "heading": "Cooperation in the area of trade mark registration and administration",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2015-2436/article-51",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "chapter/4"
    },
    {
      "path": "article/52",
      "kind": "article",
      "number": "52",
      "heading": "Cooperation in other areas",
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  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
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