{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2020-1828/article-12",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2020-1828/article-12.json",
  "legislation": "eudr/2020/1828",
  "legislation_title": "Directive (EU) 2020/1828 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2020 on representative actions for the protection of the collective interests of consumers and repealing Directive 2009/22/EC (Text with EEA relevance)",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/eu-directive-2020-1828",
  "path": "article/12",
  "kind": "article",
  "number": "12",
  "heading": "Allocation of costs of a representative action for redress measures",
  "text": "1. Member States shall ensure that the unsuccessful party in a representative action for redress measures is required to pay the costs of the proceedings borne by the successful party, in accordance with conditions and exceptions provided for in national law applicable to court proceedings in general.\n2. Individual consumers concerned by a representative action for redress measures shall not pay the costs of the proceedings.\n3. By way of derogation from paragraph 2, in exceptional circumstances, an individual consumer concerned by a representative action for redress measures may be ordered to pay the costs of proceedings that were incurred as a result of the individual consumer’s intentional or negligent conduct.",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [],
  "outstanding_effects": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eudr/2020/1828/article/12",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-11-01T15:21:23.089819+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}