Division 2.31

‘Upper bumper reference line’ means a line which identifies the upper limit to significant points of pedestrian contact with the bumper.

For vehicles with an identifiable bumper structure it is defined as the geometric trace of the uppermost points of contact between a straight edge and the bumper, when the straight edge, held parallel to the vertical longitudinal plane of the vehicle and inclined rearwards by 20° to the vertical, is traversed across the front of the vehicle, while maintaining contact with the surface of the bumper (see Figure 13).

For vehicles with no identifiable bumper structure it is defined as the geometric trace of the uppermost points of contact between a straight edge 700 mm long and the bumper, when the straight edge, held parallel to the vertical longitudinal plane of the vehicle and inclined rearwards by 20° to the vertical, is traversed across the front of the vehicle, while maintaining contact with the ground and with the surface of the bumper (see Figure 13).

Where necessary the straight edge shall be shortened to avoid any contact with structures above the bumper;