{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/export-of-goods-control-order-1994/schedule-1/paragraph-Step",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/export-of-goods-control-order-1994/schedule-1/paragraph-Step.json",
  "legislation": "uksi/1994/1191",
  "legislation_title": "The Export of Goods (Control) Order 1994",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/export-of-goods-control-order-1994",
  "path": "schedule/1/paragraph/Step",
  "kind": "paragraph",
  "number": "Step 2",
  "heading": "Interpretations, exclusions and definitions",
  "text": "TP for each supported operand length WL\nAdjust the effective rate R (or R') by the word length adjustment L as follows:\nTP = R * L,\nwhere L = (1/3 + WL/96)\nNote: The word length WL used in these calculations is the operand length in bits. (If an operation uses operands of different lengths, select the largest word length.)\nThe combination of a mantissa ALU and an exponent ALU of a floating point processor or unit is considered to be one CE with a Word Length (WL) equal to the number of bits in the data representation (typically 32 or 64) for purposes of the CTP calculation.\nThis adjustment is not applied to specialized logic processors which do not use XOR instructions. In this case TP = R.\nSelect the maximum resulting value of TP for:\nEach XP-only CE (Rxp);\nEach FP-only CE (Rfp);\nEach combined FP and XP CE (R);\nEach simple logic processor not implementing any of the specified arithmetic operations; and\nEach special logic processor not using any of the specified arithmetic or logic operations.\nStep 3: CTP for aggregations of CEs, including CPUs\nFor a CPU with a single CE,\nCTP = TP\n(for CEs performing both fixed and floating point operations\nTP = max (TPfp, TPxp))\nCTP for aggregations of multiple CEs operating simultaneously is calculated as follows:\nNote 1: For aggregations that do not allow all of the CEs to run simultaneously, the possible combination of CEs that provides the largest CTP should be used. The TP of each contributing CE is to be calculated at its maximum value theoretically possible before the CTP of the combination is derived.\nN.B. To determine the possible combinations of simultaneously operating CEs, generate an instruction sequence that initiates operations in multiple CEs, beginning with the slowest CE (the one needing the largest number of cycles to complete its operation) and ending with the fastest CE. At each cycle of the sequence, the combination of CEs that are in operation during that cycle is a possible combination. The instruction sequence must take into account all hardware and/or architectural constraints on overlapping operations.\nNote 2: A single integrated circuit chip or board assembly may contain multiple CEs.\nNote 3: Simultaneous operations are assumed to exist when the computer manufacturer claims concurrent, parallel or simultaneous operation or execution in a manual or brochure for the computer.\nNote 4: CTP values are not to be aggregated for CE combinations (inter)connected by local area networks, Wide Area Networks, Input/Output shared connections/ devices, Input/Output controllers and any communication interconnection implemented by software.\nNote 5: CTP values must be aggregated for multiple CEs specially designed to enhance performance by aggregation, operating simultaneously and sharing memory, — or multiple memory/CE — combinations operating simultaneously utilising specially designed hardware.\nThis aggregation does not apply to assemblies described by entry 4A003c\nCTP = TP1 + C2 * TP2 +…+ Cn * TPn,\nwhere the TPs are ordered by value, with TP1 being the highest, TP2 being the second highest,…, and TPn being the lowest. Ci is a coefficient determined by the strength of the interconnection between CEs, as follows:\nFor multiple CEs operating simultaneously and sharing memory:C2 = C3 = C4 =… = Cn = 0.75\nNote 1: When the CTP calculated by the above method does not exceed 194 Mtops, the following formula may be used to calculate Ci:\nCi=0.75(m)12(i=2,…,n) where\nm = number of CEs or groups of CEs sharing access.\nprovided:\n1. The TPi of each CE or group of CEs does not exceed 30 Mtops\n2. The CEs or groups of CEs share access to main memory (excludingcache memory) over a single channel; and\n3. Only one CE or group of CEs can have use of the channel at any given time.\nN.B. This does not apply to items controlled under Category 3.\nNote 2: CEs share memory if they access a common segment of solid state memory. This memory may include cache memory, main memory, or other internal memory. Peripheral memory devices such as disk drives, tape drives or RAM disks are not included.\nFor Multiple CEs or groups of CEs not sharing memory, interconnected by one or more data channels:\nCi = 0.75 * ki (i = 2,…,32) (see note below)\n= 0.60 * ki (i = 33,…,64)\n= 0.45 * ki (i = 65,…,256)\n= 0.30 * ki (i > 256)\nThe value of Ci is based on the number of CEs, not the number of nodes.\nwhere\nki = min (Si/Kr, 1), and\nKr = normalizing factor of 20 MByte/s\nSi = sum of the maximum data rates (in units of MByte/s) for all data channels connected to the ith CE or group of CEs sharing memory.\nWhen calculating a Ci for a group of CEs, the number of the first CE in a group determines the proper limits for Ci. For example, in an aggregation of groups consisting of 3 CEs each, the 22nd group will contain CE64, CE65 and CE66. The proper limit for Ci for this group is 0.60.\nAggregation (of CEs or groups of CEs) should be from fastest-to-slowest; i.e.:\nTP1 ≥ TP2 ≥…≥ TPn, and\nin the case of TPi + TPi+1 from the largest to smallest; i.e.:\nCi ≥ Ci+1\nNote: The ki factor is not applied to CEs 2 to 12 if the TPi of the CE or group of CEs is more than 50 Mtops; i.e., Ci for CEs 2 to 12 is 0.75;\n“compound rotary table” means a table allowing the workpiece to rotate and tilt about two non-parallel axes, which can be coordinated simultaneously for contouring control;\n“computing element” (CE) means the smallest computational unit that produces an arithmetic or logic result;\n“contouring control” means two or more numerically controlled motions operating in accordance with instructions that specify the next required position and the required feed rates to that position; these feed rates are varied in relation to each other so that a desired contour is generated;\n“critical temperature” (sometimes referred to as the transition temperature) of a specific superconductive material means the temperature at which the specific material loses all resistance to the flow of direct electrical current;\n“cryptography” means the discipline which embodies principles, means and methods for the transformation of data in order to hide its information content, prevent its undetected modification or prevent its unauthorized use; cryptography is limited to the transformation of information using one or more secret parameters or associated key management; for this purpose, “secret parameter” means a constant or key kept from the knowledge of others or shared only within a group;\n“datagram” means a self-contained, independent entity of data carrying sufficient information to be routed from the source to the destination data terminal equipment without reliance on earlier exchanges between this source or destination data terminal equipment and the transporting network;\n“data signalling rate” means the maximum one-way rate, i.e., the maximum rate in either transmission or reception, whichever is the greater, as defined in ITU Recommendation 53-36, taking into account that, for non-binary modulation, baud and bit per second are not equal; binary digits for coding, checking and synchronisation functions are included;\n“deformable mirrors” (also known as adaptive optic mirrors) means mirrors having:\na. a single continuous optical reflecting surface which is dynamically deformed by the application of individual torques or forces to compensate for distortions in the optical waveform incident upon the mirror; or\nb. multiple optical reflecting elements that can be individually and dynamically be repositioned by the application of torques or forces to compensate for distortions in the optical waveform incident upon the mirror;\n“diffusion bonding” means a solid-state molecular joining of at least two separate metals into a single piece with a joint strength equivalent to that of the weakest material;\n“digital computer” means equipment which can, in the form of one or more discrete variables:\na. accept data;\nb. store data or instructions in fixed or alterable (writable) storage devices;\nc. process data by means of a stored sequence of instructions which is modifiable (including by replacement of fixed storage devices, but not by a physical change in wiring or interconnections); and\nd. provide output of data;\n“digital transfer rate” means the total bit rate of the information that is directly transferred on any type of medium;\n“direct-acting hydraulic pressing” means a deformation process which uses a fluid-filled flexible bladder in direct contact with the workpiece;\n“discrete component” means a separately packaged circuit element with its own external connections;\n“drift rate”, as it relates to gyros, means the time rate of output deviation from the desired output; it consists of random and systematic components and is expressed as an equivalent input angular displacement per unit time with respect to inertial space;\n“dynamic adaptive routing” means automatic rerouting of traffic based on sensing and analysis of current actual network conditions;\n“dynamic signal analysers” means signal analysers which use digital sampling and transformation techniques to form a Fourier spectrum display of the given waveform including amplitude and phase information;\n“electronically steerable phased array antenna” means an antenna which forms a beam by means of phase coupling, where the beam direction is controlled by the complex excitation coefficients of the radiating elements and the direction of that beam can be varied in azimuth or in elevation, or both, by application, both in transmission and reception, of an electrical signal;\n“electronic assemblies” mean a number of electronic components (including circuit elements, discrete components and integrated circuits) connected together to perform a specific function, which are replaceable as an entity and are normally capable of being disassembled;\n“end-effectors” include grippers, active tooling units and any other tooling that is attached to the baseplate on the end of a robot manipulator arm; for this purpose, “active tooling unit” means a device for applying motive power, process energy or sensing to the workpiece;\n“equivalent density” means the mass of an optic per unit optical area projected onto the optical surface;\n“expert systems” means systems providing results by application of rules to data which are stored independently of the programme and capable of any of the following:\na. modifying automatically the source code introduced by the user;\nb. providing knowledge linked to a class of problems in quasi-natural language; or\nc. acquiring the knowledge required for their development (symbolic training);\n“family” means a group of microprocessor or microcomputer microcircuits which have:\na. the same architecture;\nb. the same basic instruction set; and\nc. the same basic technology (e.g., only N-channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (NMOS) or only Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS));\n“fast select” means a facility applicable to virtual calls which allows a data terminal equipment to expand the possibility of transmitting data in call set-up and clearing packets beyond the basic capabilities of a virtual call; for this purpose, “packet” means a group of binary digits (including call control signals and data) which is switched as a composite whole, the call control signals, data and if present error control information being arranged in a specified format;\n“fault tolerance” means the ability of a computer system, after any malfunction of any of its hardware or software components, to continue to operate without human intervention, at a given level of service that provides: continuity of operation, data integrity and recovery of service within a given time;\n“fibrous or filamentary materials” include:\na. continuous monofilaments;\nb. continuous yarns and rovings;\nc. tapes, fabrics, random mats and braids;\nd. chopped fibres, staple fibres and coherent fibre blankets;\ne. whiskers, either monocrystalline or polycrystalline, of any length;\nf. aromatic polyamide pulp;\n“film type integrated circuit” means an array of circuit elements and metallic interconnections formed by deposition of a thick or thin film on an insulating substrate;\n“fixed”, as it relates to information security, means that the coding or compression algorithm cannot accept externally supplied parameters (e.g., cryptographic or key variables) and cannot be modified by the user;\n“flexible manufacturing unit” (FMU), (sometimes also referred to as flexible manufacturing system (FMS) or flexible manufacturing cell (FMC)) means a combination of at least:\na. a digital computer including its own main storage and its own related equipment; and\nb. two or more of the following:\n1. a machine tool specified in head c. of entry 2B001;\n2. a dimensional inspection machine or another digitally controlled measuring machine specified in Category 2;\n3. a robot specified in Categories 2 or 8;\n4. digitally controlled equipment specified in entries 1B003, 2B003 or 9B001;\n5. Stored programme controlled equipment specified in head a. of entry 3B001;\n6. digitally controlled equipment specified in entry 1B001;\n7. digitally controlled electronic equipment specified in head c. of entry 3A002;\n“fluoride fibres” means fibres manufactured from bulk fluoride compounds;\n“focal plane array” means a linear or two-dimensional planar layer, or combination of planar layers, of individual detector elements, with or without readout electronics, which work in the focal plane; this is not intended to include a stack of single detector elements or any two, three or four element detectors provided time delay and integration is not performed within the element;\n“frequency agility” means a system in which the transmission frequency of a single communication channel is made to change by discrete steps (sometimes known as frequency hopping);\n“frequency switching time” means the maximum time (i.e., delay), taken by a signal, when switched from one selected output frequency to another selected output frequency, to reach:\na. a frequency within 100 Hz of the final frequency; or\nb. an output level within 1 dB of the final output level;\n“frequency synthesiser” means any kind of frequency source or signal generator, regardless of the actual technique used, providing a multiplicity of simultaneous or alternative output frequencies, from one or more outputs, controlled by, derived from or disciplined by a lesser number of standard (or master) frequencies;\n“gas atomisation” means a process to reduce a molten stream of metal alloy to droplets of 500 micrometre diameter or less by a high pressure gas stream;\n“gateway” means the function, realised by any combination of equipment and software, to carry out the conversion of conventions for representing, processing or communicating information used in one system into the corresponding but different conventions used in another system;\n“generic software” means a set of instructions for a stored programme controlled switching system that is the same for all switches using that type of switching system, the database portion is not considered to be part of the generic software;\n“geographically dispersed” means where each sensor location is distant from any other by more than 1,500m in any direction; mobile sensors are always considered geographically dispersed;\n“global interrupt latency time” means the time taken by a computer system to recognize an interrupt due to an event, service the interrupt and perform a context switch to an alternate memory-resident task waiting on the interrupt;\n“guidance set” means systems that integrate the process of measuring and computing a vehicles position and velocity (i.e. navigation) with that of computing and sending commands to the vehicles flight control systems to correct the trajectory;\n“hot isostatic densification” means the process of pressurising a casting at temperatures exceeding 375 K (102°C) in a closed cavity through various media (including gas, liquid or solid particles) to create equal force in all directions to reduce or eliminate internal voids in the casting;\n“hybrid computer” means equipment which can:\na. accept data;\nb. process data, in both analogue and digital representations; and\nc. provide output of data;\n“hybrid integrated circuit” means any combination of integrated circuit(s), integrated circuits with circuit elements or discrete components connected together to perform a specific function and having all the following characteristics:\na. containing at least one unencapsulated device;\nb. connected together using typical integrated circuit production methods\nc. replaceable as an entity; and\nd. not normally capable of being disassembled;\n“image enhancement” means the processing of externally derived information-bearing images by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g., fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform); this does not include algorithms using only linear or rotational transformation of a single image, such as translation, feature extraction, registration or false coloration;\n“improvised explosive devices” means devices placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic or incendiary chemicals, designed to destroy, disfigure or harass; they may incorporate military stores, but are normally devised from non-military components;\n“information security” means all the means and functions ensuring the accessibility, confidentiality or integrity of information or communications, excluding the means and functions intended to safeguard against malfunctions; this includes cryptography, cryptanalysis, protection against compromising emanations and computer security; for this purpose, “cryptanalysis” is the analysis of a cryptographic system or its inputs and outputs to derive confidential variables or sensitive data, including clear text;\n“instantaneous bandwidth” means the bandwidth over which output power remains constant within 3 dB without adjustment of other operating parameters;\n“instrumented range” means the specified unambiguous display range of a radar;\n“insulation” means material intended to provide protection from the effects of heat during the operation of rocket motors. The material includes cured or semi-cured compounded rubber sheet stock containing an insulating or refractory material. It is applied to the components of a rocket motor, i.e. the case, nozzle, inlets, case closures.\n“Integrated Services Digital Network” (ISDN) means a unified end-to-end digital network, in which data originating from all types of communication (e.g., voice, text, data, still and moving pictures) are transmitted from one port (terminal) in the exchange (switch) over one access line to and from the subscriber;\n“interconnected radar sensors” means two or more radar sensors which mutually exchange data in real time;\n“intrinsic magnetic gradiometer” means a single magnetic field gradient sensing element and associated electronics, the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient;\n“ISO” means the International Standards Organisation;\n“isostatic presses” means equipment capable of pressurising a closed cavity through various media (including gas, liquid and solid particles) to create equal pressure in all directions within the cavity upon a workpiece or material;\n“ITU” means International Telecommunications Union;\n“laser” means an assembly of components which produce both spatially and temporally coherent light which is amplified by stimulated emission of radiation;\n“linearity” (usually measured in terms of non-linearity) means the maximum deviation of the actual characteristic (average of upscale and downscale readings), positive or negative, from a straight line so positioned as to equalise and minimise the maximum deviations;\n“local area network” means a data communication system which:\na. allows any number of independent data devices to communicate directly with each other; and\nb. is confined to a geographical area of moderate size (e.g., office building, plant, campus, warehouse);\n“magnetic gradiometers” means instruments designed to detect the spatial variation of magnetic fields from external sources; they consist of multiple magnetometers and associated electronics, the output of which is a measure of magnetic field gradient;\n“magnetometers” means instruments designed to detect magnetic fields from external sources; they consist of a single magnetic field sensing element and associated electronics, the output of which is a measure of the magnetic field;\n“main storage” means the primary storage for data or instructions for rapid access by a central processing unit; it consists of the internal storage of a digital computer and any hierarchical extension thereto, such as cache storage or non-sequentially accessed extended storage;\n“matrix” means a substantially continuous phase that fills the space between particles, whiskers or fibres;\n“maximum bit transfer rate” of:\na. solid state storage equipment means the number of data bits per second transferred between the equipment and its controller;\nb. a disk drive means the internal data transfer rate calculated as B×R×T (bits per second)\nwhere:\nB=maximum number of data bits per track available to read or write in a single revolution;\nR=revolutions per second;\nT=number of tracks which can be read or written simultaneously;\n“mechanical alloying” means an alloying process resulting from the bonding, fracturing and rebonding of elemental and master alloy powders by mechanical impact; non-metallic particles may be incorporated in the alloy by addition of the appropriate powders;\n“media access unit” means equipment which contains one or more communication interfaces (network access controller, communications channel controller, modem or computer bus) to connect terminal equipment to a network;\n“melt extraction” means a process to solidify rapidly and extract a ribbon-like alloy product by the insertion of a short segment of a rotating chilled block into a bath of a molten metal alloy;\n“melt spinning” means a process to solidify rapidly a molten metal stream impinging upon a rotating chilled block, forming a flake, ribbon or rod-like product;\n“microcomputer microcircuit” means a monolithic integrated circuit or multichip integrated circuit containing an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) capable of executing general purpose instructions from an internal storage (or on an internal storage augmented by an external storage), on data contained in the internal storage;\n“microprocessor microcircuit” means a monolithic integrated circuit or multichip integrated circuit containing an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) capable of executing a series of general purpose instructions from an external storage: this includes chip sets which are designed to operate together to provide the function of a microprocessor microcircuit;\n“missiles” means complete rocket systems and unmanned air vehicle systems, capable of a range of at least 300 km;\n“monolithic integrated circuit” means a combination of passive or active circuit elements or both which:\na. are formed by means of diffusion processes, implantation processes or deposition processes in or on a single semiconducting piece of material;\nb. can be considered as indivisibly associated; and\nc. performs the function of a circuit;\n“motion control board” means an electronic assembly specially designed to provide a computer system with the capability to coordinate simultaneously the motion of axes of machine tools for contouring control;\n“multichip integrated circuit” means two or more monolithic integrated circuits bonded to a common substrate;\n“multi-data-stream processing” means the microprogramme or equipment architecture technique which permits simultaneous processing of two or more data sequences under the control of one or more instruction sequences by means such as:\na. Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) architectures such as vector or array processors;\nb. Multiple Single Instruction Multiple Data (MSIMD) architectures;\nc. Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) architectures, including those which are tightly coupled, closely coupled or loosely coupled; or\nd. Structured arrays of processing elements, including systolic arrays;\n“multilevel security” means a class of system containing information with different sensitivities that simultaneously permits access by users with different security clearances, but prevents users from obtaining access to information for which they lack authorization;\n“multispectral imaging sensors” means sensors capable of simultaneous or serial acquisition of imaging data from two or more discrete spectral bands; sensors having more than twenty discrete spectral bands are sometimes referred to as hyperspectral imaging sensors;\n“network access controller” means a physical interface to a distributed switching network which:\na. uses a common medium operating throughout at the same digital transfer rate;\nb. uses arbitration (e.g., token or carrier sense) for transmission control;\nc. independently from any other, selects data packets or data groups addressed to it; and\nd. is an assembly that can be integrated into computer or telecommunications equipment to provide communications access;\n“neural computer” means a computational device designed or modified to mimic the behaviour of a neuron or a collection of neurons, i.e., a computational device which is distinguished by its hardware capability to modulate the weights and numbers of the interconnections of a multiplicity of computational components based on previous data;\n“noise level” means an electrical signal given in terms of power spectral density; the relation between noise level expressed in peak-to-peak is given by S2pp = 8N0(f2−f1), where Spp is the peak-to-peak value of the signal (e.g., nanoteslas), N0 is the power spectral density (e.g., (nanotesla)2/Hz) and (f2−f1) defines the bandwidth of interest;\n“numerical control” means the automatic control of a process performed by a device that makes use of numeric data usually introduced as the operation is in progress;\n“object code” (sometimes referred to as object language) means an equipment executable form of a convenient expression of one or more processes (source code) which has been converted by a programming system;\n“operate autonomously” means operating fully submerged, without snorkel, all systems working and cruising at the minimum speed at which the submersible can safely control its depth dynamically by using its depth planes only, with no need for a support vessel or support base on the surface, sea-bed or shore, and containing a propulsion system for submerged or surface use;\n“optical amplification”, in optical communications, means an amplification technique that introduces a gain of optical signals that have been generated by a separate optical source, without conversion to electrical signals, using semiconductor optical amplifiers or optical fibre luminescent amplifiers;\n“optical computer” means a computer designed or modified to use light to represent data and whose computational logic elements are based on directly coupled optical devices;\n“optical fibre preforms” means bars, ingots, or rods of glass, plastic or other materials which have been specially processed for use in fabricating optical fibres; the characteristics of an optical fibre preform determine the basic parameters of the resultant drawn optical fibres;\n“optical integrated circuit” means a monolithic integrated circuit or a hybrid integrated circuit, containing one or more parts designed to function as a photosensor or photoemitter or to perform an optical or an electro-optical function;\n“optical switching” means the routing of, or switching of, signals in optical form without conversion to electrical signals;\n“overall current density” means the total number of ampere-turns in the coil (i.e., the sum of the number of turns multiplied by the maximum current carried by each turn) divided by the total cross-section of the coil (comprising the superconducting filaments, the metallic matrix in which the superconducting filaments are embedded, the encapsulating material, any cooling channels, etc.);\n“peak power”, as it relates to lasers, means energy per pulse in joules divided by the pulse duration in seconds;\n“personalized smart card” means a smart card containing a microcircuit, in accordance with ISO/IEC 7816, which has been programmed by the issuer and cannot be changed by the user;\n“power management” means changing the transmitted power of the altimeter signal so that received power at the aircraft altitude is always at the minimum necessary to determine the altitude;\n“principal element” means an element whoose replacement value is more than 35% of the total value of the system of which it is an element; element value is the cost of the element for the manufacturer of the system, or by the system integrator; total value is the normal international selling price to unrelated parties at the point of manufacture or consolidation of shipment;\n“production equipment” means tooling, templates, jigs, mandrels, moulds, dies, fixtures, alignment mechanisms, test equipment, other machinery and components therefor, limited to those specially designed or modified for development or for one or more phases of production;\n“production facilities” means equipment and specially designed software therefor integrated into installations for development or for one or more phases of production;\n“pulse compression” means the coding and processing of a radar signal pulse of long time duration to one of short time duration, while maintaining the benefits of high pulse energy;\n“pulse duration” means the duration of a laser pulse measured at Full Width Half Intensity (FWHI) levels;\n“Q-switched laser” means a laser in which the energy is stored in the population inversion or in the optical resonator and subsequently emitted in a pulse;\n“radar frequency agility” means any technique which changes, in a pseudo-random sequence, the carrier frequency of a pulsed radar transmitter between pulses or between groups of pulses by an amount equal to or larger than the pulse bandwidth;\n“radar spread spectrum” means any modulation technique for spreading energy originating from a signal with a relatively narrow frequency band, over a much wider band of frequencies, by using random or pseudo-random coding;\n“range” means half the maximum distance a submersible vehicle can cover;\n“real time bandwidth” for dynamic signal analysers means the widest frequency range which the analyser can output to display or mass storage without causing any discontinuity in the analysis of the input data; for analysers with more than one channel, the channel configuration yielding the widest real-time bandwidth shall be used to make the calculation;\n“real time processing” means processing of data by an electronic computer in response to an external event according to time requirements imposed by the external event;\n“required”, as applied to technology or software, means only that portion of technology or software which is peculiarly responsible for achieving or exceeding the specified performance levels, characteristics or functions; such required technology or software may be shared by different products;\n“resolution” means the least increment of a measuring device; on digital instruments, the least significant bit;\n“robot” means a manipulation mechanism, which may be of the continuous path or of the point-to-point variety, may use sensors, and which:\na. is multifunctional;\nb. is capable of positioning or orienting material, parts, tools or special devices through variable movements in three dimensional space;\nc. incorporates three or more closed or open loop servo-devices which may include stepping motors; and\nd. has user-accessible programmability by means of the teach/playback method or by means of an electronic computer which may be a programmable logic controller, i.e., without mechanical intervention;\nexcept:\na. manipulation mechanisms which are only manually/teleoperator controllable;\nb. fixed sequence manipulation mechanisms, which are automated moving devices, operating according to programmes where the motions are limited by fixed stops, such as pins or cams and the sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are not variable or changeable by mechanical, electronic or electrical means;\nc. mechanically controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms, which are automated moving devices, operating according to programmes where the motions are limited by fixed, but adjustable stops, such as pins or cams and the sequence of motions and the selection of paths or angles are variable within the fixed programme pattern; variations or modifications of the programme pattern (e.g., changes of pins or exchanges of cams) in one or more motion axes are accomplished only through mechanical operations;\nd. non-servo-controlled variable sequence manipulation mechanisms, which are automated moving devices, operating according to mechanically fixed programmed motions; the programme is variable but the sequence proceeds only by the binary signal from mechanically fixed electrical binary devices or adjustable stops;\ne. stacker cranes defined as Cartesian coordinate manipulator systems manufactured as an integral part of a vertical array of storage bins and designed to access the contents of those bins for storage or retrieval;\n“rotary atomisation” means a process to reduce a stream or pool of molten metal to droplets to a diameter of 500 micrometre or less by centrifugal force;\n“run out” (out-of-true running) means radial displacement in one revolution of the main spindle measured in a plane perpendicular to the spindle axis at a point on the external or internal revolving surface to be tested;\n“scale factor” means the ratio of change in output to a change in the input intended to be measured; scale factor is generally evaluated as the slope of the straight line that can be fitted by the method of least squares to input-output data obtained by varying the input cyclically over the input range;\n“settling time” means the time required for the output to come within one-half bit of the final value when switching between any two levels of the converter;\n“signal analysers” means apparatus capable of measuring and displaying basic properties of the single-frequency components of multi-frequency signals;\n“signal processing” means the processing of externally derived information-bearing signals by algorithms such as time compression, filtering, extraction, selection, correlation, convolution or transformations between domains (e.g., fast Fourier transform or Walsh transform);\n“simple educational devices” means devices designed for use in teaching basic scientific principles and demonstrating the operation of those principles in educational institutions;\n“solidify rapidly” means solidification of molten material at cooling rates exceeding 1,000 K/sec;\n“source code” (sometimes referred to as source language) means a convenient expression of one or more processes which may be turned by a programming system into equipment executable form (object code);\n“spacecraft” means active and passive satellites and space probes;\n“space qualified” means products which are stated by the manufacturer as designed and tested to meet the special electrical, mechanical or environmental requirements for use in rockets, satellites or high-altitude flight systems operating at altitudes of 100 km or more;\n“specific modulus” means Young’s modulus in Pascals, equivalent to N/m2 divided by specific weight in N/m3, measured at a temperature of (296 ± 2) K ((23 ± 2)°C) and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)%;\n“specific tensile strength” means ultimate tensile strength in pascals, equivalent to N/m2 divided by specific weight in N/m3, measured at a temperature of (296 ± 2) K ((23 ± 2)°C) and a relative humidity of (50 ± 5)%;\n“spectral efficiency” means a figure of merit which characterizes the efficiency of transmission systems which use complex modulation schemes including QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), Trellis coding and QPSK (Q-phased shift key); it is calculated as follows:\nspectral efficiencydigital transfer rate(bit/second)6dB spectrum bandwidth (Hz)\n“splat quenching” means a process to solidify rapidly a molten metal stream impinging upon a chilled block, forming a flake-like product;\n“spread spectrum” means the technique whereby energy in a relatively narrow-band communication channel is spread over a much wider energy spectrum;\n“sputtering” means an overlay coating process wherein positively charged ions are accelerated by an electric field towards the surface of a target (coating material); the kinetic energy of the impacting ions is sufficient to cause target surface atoms to be released and deposited on the substrate; triode, magnetron or radio frequency sputtering to increase adhesion of coating and rate of deposition are ordinary modifications of the process;\n“stability” means the standard deviation (1 sigma) of the variation of a particular parameter from its calibrated value measured under stable temperature conditions; this can be expressed as a function of time;\n“stored programme controlled” means controlled by using instructions stored in an electronic storage which a processor can execute in order to direct the performance of predetermined functions;\n“substrate” means a sheet of base material with or without an interconnection pattern and on which or within which discrete components or integrated circuits or both can be located;\n“substrate blanks” means monolithic compounds with dimensions suitable for the production of optical elements such as mirrors or optical windows;\n“superalloys” means nickel-, cobalt- or iron-base alloys having strengths superior to any alloys in the American Iron and Steel Society (AISI) 300 series at temperatures over 922 K (649°C) under severe environmental and operating conditions;\n“superconductive” refers to materials (i.e., metals, alloys or compounds) which can lose all electrical resistance (i.e., which can attain infinite electrical conductivity and carry very large electrical currents without Joule heating); the superconductive state of a material is individually characterized by a critical temperature, a critical magnetic field, which is a function of temperature, and a critical current density which is a function of both magnetic field and temperature;\n“Super High Power Laser” (SHPL) means a laser capable of delivering (the total or any portion of) an output energy exceeding 1 kJ within 50 ms or having an average or CW power exceeding 20 kW;\n“superplastic forming” means a deformation process using heat for metals that are normally characterised by low values of elongation (less than 20%) at the breaking point as determined at room temperature by conventional tensile strength-testing, in order to achieve elongations during processing which are at least 2 times those values;\n“swept frequency network analysers” means analysers which involve the automatic measurement of equivalent circuit parameters over a range of frequencies, involving swept frequency measurement techniques but not continuous wave point-to-point measurements;\n“switch fabric” means that hardware and associated software which provides the physical or virtual connection path for in-transit message traffic being switched;\n“Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)” means a digital hierarchy providing a means to manage, multiplex and access various forms of digital traffic using a synchronous transmission format on different types of media; the format is based on the Synchronous Transport Module (STM) which is defined by CCITT Recommendation G.703, G.707, G.708, G.709; the first level rate of SDH is 155.52 Mbit/s;\n“Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)” means a network providing a means to manage, multiplex and access various forms of digital traffic using a synchronous transmission format on fibre optics; the format is the North America version of SDH and also uses the Synchronous Transport Module (STM); however, it uses the Synchronous Transport Signal (STS) as the basic transport module with a first level rate of 51.81 Mbit/s; the SONET standards are being integrated into those of SDH;\n“systems tracks” means processed, correlated (fusion of radar target data to flight plan position) and updated aircraft flight position reports available to the Air Traffic Control centre controllers;\n“systolic array computer” means a computer where the flow and modification of the data is dynamically controllable at the logic gate level by the user;\n“terminal interface equipment” means equipment at which information enters or leaves the telecommunication system, including telephone, data device, computer and facsimile device;\n“tilting spindle” means a tool-holding spindle which alters, during the machining process, the angular position of its centre line with respect to any other axis;\n“time constant” means the time taken from the application of a light stimulus for the current increment to reach a value of 1-1/e times the final value (i.e., 63% of the final value);\n“total digital transfer rate” means the number of bits, including line coding, overhead and so forth per unit time passing between corresponding equipment in a digital transmission system;\n“transfer laser” means a laser in which the lasing species is excited through the transfer of energy by collision of a non-lasing atom or molecule with a lasing atom or molecule species;\n“tunable” means the ability of a laser to produce a continuous output at all wavelengths over a range of several laser transitions; a line selectable laser produces discrete wavelengths within one laser transition and is not considered tunable;\n“user-accessible programmability” means the facility allowing a user to insert, modify or replace programmes by means other than:\na. a physical change in wiring or interconnections; or\nb. the setting of function controls including entry of parameters;\n“vacuum atomisation” means a process to reduce a molten stream of metal to droplets of a diameter of 500 micrometre or less by the rapid evolution of a dissolved gas upon exposure to a vacuum;\n“variable geometry airfoils” means the use of trailing edge flaps or tabs, or leading edge slats or pivoted nose droop, the position of which can be controlled in flight.",
  "extent": null,
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [],
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  ],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1994/1191/schedule/1/paragraph/Step",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-10-29T13:34:05.038647+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}