{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016.json",
  "id": "ukpga/2016/25",
  "title": "Investigatory Powers Act 2016",
  "short_title": "Investigatory Powers Act 2016",
  "long_title": "An Act to make provision about the interception of communications, equipment interference and the acquisition and retention of communications data, bulk personal datasets and other information; to make provision about the treatment of material held as a result of such interception, equipment interference or acquisition or retention; to establish the Investigatory Powers Commissioner and other Judicial Commissioners and make provision about them and other oversight arrangements; to make further provision about investigatory powers and national security; to amend sections 3 and 5 of the Intelligence Services Act 1994; and for connected purposes.",
  "citation": "2016 c. 25",
  "type": "ukpga",
  "year": "2016",
  "number": "25",
  "version": "current",
  "date": "2016-11-29",
  "revised": true,
  "valid_from": "2026-09-30",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "unapplied_effects": 5,
  "provisions": [
    {
      "path": "introduction",
      "kind": "introduction",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Introductory text",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/introduction",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "General privacy protections",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1/crossheading/overview-and-general-privacy-duties",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Overview and general privacy duties",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/1",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "Overview of Act",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-1",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/overview-and-general-privacy-duties"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/2",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "General duties in relation to privacy",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-2",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/overview-and-general-privacy-duties"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1/crossheading/prohibitions-against-unlawful-interception",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Prohibitions against unlawful interception",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/3",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "3",
      "heading": "Offence of unlawful interception",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-3",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/prohibitions-against-unlawful-interception"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/4",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "4",
      "heading": "Definition of “interception” etc.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-4",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/prohibitions-against-unlawful-interception"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/5",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "5",
      "heading": "Conduct that is not interception",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-5",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/prohibitions-against-unlawful-interception"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/6",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "6",
      "heading": "Definition of “lawful authority” in relation to interceptions",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-6",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/prohibitions-against-unlawful-interception"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/7",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "7",
      "heading": "Monetary penalties for certain unlawful interceptions",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-7",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/prohibitions-against-unlawful-interception"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/8",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "8",
      "heading": "Civil liability for certain unlawful interceptions",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-8",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/prohibitions-against-unlawful-interception"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/9",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "9",
      "heading": "Restriction on requesting interception by overseas authorities",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-9",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/prohibitions-against-unlawful-interception"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/10",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "10",
      "heading": "Restriction on requesting assistance under mutual assistance agreements etc.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-10",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/prohibitions-against-unlawful-interception"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1/crossheading/prohibition-against-unlawful-obtaining-of-communications-data",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Prohibition against unlawful obtaining of communications data",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/11",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "11",
      "heading": "Offence of unlawfully obtaining communications data",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-11",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/prohibition-against-unlawful-obtaining-of-communications-data"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1/crossheading/abolition-or-restriction-of-powers-to-obtain-communications-data",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Abolition or restriction of powers to obtain communications data",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/12",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "12",
      "heading": "Abolition or restriction of certain powers to obtain communications data",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-12",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/abolition-or-restriction-of-powers-to-obtain-communications-data"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/1/crossheading/restrictions-on-interference-with-equipment",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Restrictions on interference with equipment",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/13",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "13",
      "heading": "Mandatory use of equipment interference warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-13",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/restrictions-on-interference-with-equipment"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/14",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "14",
      "heading": "Restriction on use of section 93 of the Police Act 1997",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-14",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/1/crossheading/restrictions-on-interference-with-equipment"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "Lawful interception of communications",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2/chapter/1",
      "kind": "chapter",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "Interception and examination with a warrant",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/warrants-under-this-chapter",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Warrants under this Chapter",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/15",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "15",
      "heading": "Warrants that may be issued under this Chapter",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-15",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/warrants-under-this-chapter"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/16",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "16",
      "heading": "Obtaining secondary data",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-16",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/warrants-under-this-chapter"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/17",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "17",
      "heading": "Subject-matter of warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-17",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/warrants-under-this-chapter"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/power-to-issue-warrants",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Power to issue warrants",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/18",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "18",
      "heading": "Persons who may apply for issue of a warrant",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-18",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/power-to-issue-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/19",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "19",
      "heading": "Power of Secretary of State to issue warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-19",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/power-to-issue-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20",
      "heading": "Grounds on which warrants may be issued by Secretary of State",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-20",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/power-to-issue-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/21",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "21",
      "heading": "Power of Scottish Ministers to issue warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-21",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/power-to-issue-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/22",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "22",
      "heading": "“Relevant Scottish applications”",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-22",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/power-to-issue-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/approval-of-warrants-by-judicial-commissioners",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Approval of warrants by Judicial Commissioners",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/23",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "23",
      "heading": "Approval of warrants by Judicial Commissioners",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-23",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/approval-of-warrants-by-judicial-commissioners"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/24",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "24",
      "heading": "Approval of warrants issued in urgent cases",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-24",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/approval-of-warrants-by-judicial-commissioners"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/25",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "25",
      "heading": "Failure to approve warrant issued in urgent case",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-25",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/approval-of-warrants-by-judicial-commissioners"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/additional-safeguards",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Additional safeguards",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/26",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "26",
      "heading": "Members of Parliament etc.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-26",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/additional-safeguards"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/27",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "27",
      "heading": "Items subject to legal privilege",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-27",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/additional-safeguards"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/28",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "28",
      "heading": "Confidential journalistic material",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-28",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/additional-safeguards"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/29",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "29",
      "heading": "Sources of journalistic information",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-29",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/additional-safeguards"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Further provision about warrants",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/30",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "30",
      "heading": "Decisions to issue warrants to be taken personally by Ministers",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-30",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/31",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "31",
      "heading": "Requirements that must be met by warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-31",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/32",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "32",
      "heading": "Duration of warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-32",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/33",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "33",
      "heading": "Renewal of warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-33",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/34",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "34",
      "heading": "Modification of warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-34",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/35",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "35",
      "heading": "Persons who may make modifications",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-35",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/36",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "36",
      "heading": "Further provision about modifications",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-36",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/37",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "37",
      "heading": "Notification of major modifications",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-37",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/38",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "38",
      "heading": "Approval of major modifications made in urgent cases",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-38",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/39",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "39",
      "heading": "Cancellation of warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-39",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/40",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "40",
      "heading": "Special rules for certain mutual assistance warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-40",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/further-provision-about-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/implementation-of-warrants",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Implementation of warrants",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/41",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "41",
      "heading": "Implementation of warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-41",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/implementation-of-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/42",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "42",
      "heading": "Service of warrants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-42",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/implementation-of-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/43",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "43",
      "heading": "Duty of operators to assist with implementation",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-43",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/1/crossheading/implementation-of-warrants"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2/chapter/2",
      "kind": "chapter",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "Other forms of lawful interception",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2/chapter/2/crossheading/interception-with-consent",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Interception with consent",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/44",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "44",
      "heading": "Interception with the consent of the sender or recipient",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-44",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/2/crossheading/interception-with-consent"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/2/chapter/2/crossheading/interception-for-administrative-or-enforcement-purposes",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Interception for administrative or enforcement purposes",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/2"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/45",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "45",
      "heading": "Interception by providers of postal or telecommunications services",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-45",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/2/crossheading/interception-for-administrative-or-enforcement-purposes"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/46",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "46",
      "heading": "Interception by businesses etc. for monitoring and record-keeping purposes",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/investigatory-powers-act-2016/section-46",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/2/chapter/2/crossheading/interception-for-administrative-or-enforcement-purposes"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/47",
      "kind": "section",
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      "heading": "Postal services: interception for enforcement purposes",
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      "path": "section/209",
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      "heading": "Decisions to issue warrants to be taken personally by Secretary of State",
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      "path": "section/226F",
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