{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985.json",
  "id": "ukpga/1985/70",
  "title": "Landlord and Tenant Act 1985",
  "short_title": "Landlord and Tenant Act 1985",
  "long_title": "An Act to consolidate certain provisions of the law of landlord and tenant formerly found in the Housing Acts, together with the Landlord and Tenant Act 1962, with amendments to give effect to recommendations of the Law Commission.",
  "citation": "1985 c. 70",
  "type": "ukpga",
  "year": "1985",
  "number": "70",
  "version": "current",
  "date": "1985-10-30",
  "revised": true,
  "valid_from": "2026-06-29",
  "extent": "E+W",
  "unapplied_effects": 122,
  "provisions": [
    {
      "path": "introduction",
      "kind": "introduction",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Introductory text",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/introduction",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "crossheading/information-to-be-given-to-tenant",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Information to be given to tenant",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/1",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "Disclosure of landlord’s identity.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-1",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/information-to-be-given-to-tenant"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/2",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "Disclosure of directors, &c. of corporate landlord.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-2",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/information-to-be-given-to-tenant"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/3",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "3",
      "heading": "Duty to inform tenant of assignment of landlord’s interest.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-3",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/information-to-be-given-to-tenant"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/3A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "3A",
      "heading": "Duty to inform tenant of possible right to acquire landlord’s interest.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-3A",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/information-to-be-given-to-tenant"
    },
    {
      "path": "crossheading/provision-of-rent-books",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Provision of rent books",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/4",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "4",
      "heading": "Provision of rent books.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-4",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/provision-of-rent-books"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/5",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "5",
      "heading": "Information to be contained in rent books.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-5",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/provision-of-rent-books"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/6",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "6",
      "heading": "Information to be supplied by companies.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-6",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/provision-of-rent-books"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/7",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "7",
      "heading": "Offences.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-7",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/provision-of-rent-books"
    },
    {
      "path": "crossheading/implied-terms-as-to-fitness-for-human-habitation",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Implied terms as to fitness for human habitation",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/8",
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      "number": "8",
      "heading": "Implied terms as to fitness for human habitation: Wales.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-8",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/implied-terms-as-to-fitness-for-human-habitation"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/9",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "9",
      "heading": "Application of s. 8 to certain houses occupied by agricultural workers.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-9",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/implied-terms-as-to-fitness-for-human-habitation"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/9A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "9A",
      "heading": "Fitness for human habitation of dwellings in England",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-9A",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/implied-terms-as-to-fitness-for-human-habitation"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/9B",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "9B",
      "heading": "Leases to which section 9A applies",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-9B",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/implied-terms-as-to-fitness-for-human-habitation"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/9C",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "9C",
      "heading": "Application of section 9A to certain dwellings occupied by agricultural workers",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-9C",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/implied-terms-as-to-fitness-for-human-habitation"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/10",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "10",
      "heading": "Fitness for human habitation.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-10",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/implied-terms-as-to-fitness-for-human-habitation"
    },
    {
      "path": "crossheading/implied-term-as-to-remedying-of-hazards",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Implied term as to remedying of hazards",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/10A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "10A",
      "heading": "Remedying of hazards occurring in dwellings let on relevant social housing leases",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-10A",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/implied-term-as-to-remedying-of-hazards"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/10B",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "10B",
      "heading": "Regulations section 10A: supplementary provision",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-10B",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/implied-term-as-to-remedying-of-hazards"
    },
    {
      "path": "crossheading/repairing-obligations",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Repairing obligations",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/11",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "11",
      "heading": "Repairing obligations in short leases.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-11",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/repairing-obligations"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/12",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "12",
      "heading": "Restriction on contracting out of s. 11.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-12",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/repairing-obligations"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/13",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "13",
      "heading": "Leases to which s. 11 applies: general rule.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-13",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/repairing-obligations"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/14",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "14",
      "heading": "Leases to which s. 11 applies: exceptions.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-14",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/repairing-obligations"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/15",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "15",
      "heading": "Jurisdiction of county court.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-15",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/repairing-obligations"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/16",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "16",
      "heading": "Meaning of “lease” and related expressions.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-16",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/repairing-obligations"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/17",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "17",
      "heading": "Specific performance of landlord’s repairing obligations.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-17",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/repairing-obligations"
    },
    {
      "path": "crossheading/service-charges",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Service charges",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/18",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "18",
      "heading": "Meaning of “service charge” and “relevant costs”.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-18",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/19",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "19",
      "heading": "Limitation of service charges: reasonableness.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-19",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20",
      "heading": "Limitation of service charges: consultation requirements",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-20",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20ZA",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20ZA",
      "heading": "Consultation requirements: supplementary",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-20ZA",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20A",
      "heading": "Limitation of service charges: grant-aided works.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-20A",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20B",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20B",
      "heading": "Limitation of service charges: time limit on making demands.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-20B",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20C",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20C",
      "heading": "Limitation of service charges: costs of proceedings.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-20C",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20D",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20D",
      "heading": "Limitation of service charges: remediation works",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-20D",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20E",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20E",
      "heading": "Regulations under section 20D",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-20E",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20F",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20F",
      "heading": "Limitation of service charges: excluded costs for higher-risk buildings",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-20F",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20J",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20J",
      "heading": "Limitation of variable service charges: non-litigation costs of enfranchisement etc",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-20J",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20K",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20K",
      "heading": "Right to claim where non-litigation costs charged contrary to section 20J",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-20K",
      "extent": null,
      "status": "prospective",
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/21",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "21",
      "heading": "Service charge information",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-21",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/21A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "21A",
      "heading": "Withholding of service charges",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-21A",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/21B",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "21B",
      "heading": "Notice to accompany demands for service charges",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-21B",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/22",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "22",
      "heading": "Request to inspect supporting accounts &c.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-22",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/23",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "23",
      "heading": "Request relating to information held by superior landlord.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-23",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/23A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "23A",
      "heading": "Effect of change of landlord",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-23A",
      "extent": null,
      "status": "prospective",
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/24",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "24",
      "heading": "Effect of assignment on request.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-24",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/25",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "25",
      "heading": "Failure to comply with s. 21, 22 or 23 an offence.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-25",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/26",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "26",
      "heading": "Exception: tenants of certain public authorities.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-26",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/27",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "27",
      "heading": "Exception: rent registered and not entered as variable.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-27",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/27A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "27A",
      "heading": "Liability to pay service charges: jurisdiction",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-27A",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/28",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "28",
      "heading": "Meaning of “qualified accountant”.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-28",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/29",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "29",
      "heading": "Meaning of “recognised tenants’ association”.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-29",
      "extent": "E+W",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/29A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "29A",
      "heading": "Tenants' associations: power to request information about tenants",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-29A",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/30",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "30",
      "heading": "Meaning of “landlord”, “tenant” etc.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-30",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/service-charges"
    },
    {
      "path": "crossheading/insurance",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Insurance",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/30A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "30A",
      "heading": "Rights of tenants with respect to insurance.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-30A",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/insurance"
    },
    {
      "path": "crossheading/managing-agents",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Managing agents",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/30B",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "30B",
      "heading": "Recognised tenants’ associations to be consulted about managing agents.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-30B",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/managing-agents"
    },
    {
      "path": "crossheading/higherrisk-buildings-in-england",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Higher-risk buildings in England",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "section/30C",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "30C",
      "heading": "Implied terms relating to building safety",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-30C",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/higherrisk-buildings-in-england"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/30D",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "30D",
      "heading": "Liability for building safety costs",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-30D",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/higherrisk-buildings-in-england"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/30E",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "30E",
      "heading": "Liability for remuneration of building safety director of resident management company etc",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-30E",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "crossheading/higherrisk-buildings-in-england"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/30F",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "30F",
      "heading": "Restrictions on contracting out of sections 30C to 30E",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/section-30F",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
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      "affected_provisions": "Sch. para. 2-6",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(3)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "Sch. para. 9(1)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(4)(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "Sch. para. 9(1)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(4)(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 5(3)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 2(a)(i)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 5(3)(b)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 2(a)(ii)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 5(4)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 2(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10B(8)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 3"
    },
    {
      "type": "words inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 18 heading",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(2)(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 18(1)(2)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(2)(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 18(3)(b)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(2)(c)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 19 heading",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 19(1)(2)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20 heading",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20(2)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20(4)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 4(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20(5)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 4(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20A heading",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(c)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20A(1)(2)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(c)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20B heading",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(d)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20B(1)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(d)"
    },
    {
      "type": "substituted for words",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20B(3)-(10) and words",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 54"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20C",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 62(2)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20CA 20CB",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 62(3)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20D heading",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(e)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20D(4)(5)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(e)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20E(4)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 6"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20F heading",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(f)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20F(2)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(f)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20F(7)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 7"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20G-20I",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 59"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20ZA(3)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 5(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20ZA(4)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 5(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20ZA(7)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 5(c)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 20ZA(8)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 5(d)"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 21",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 55(2)(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 21A",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 55(2)(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 21B",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 55(2)(c)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 21C",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 55(3)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 21D 21E",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 56(2)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 21F-21H",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 57(2)"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 22",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 57(3)(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 23",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 57(3)(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 23A(1)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 15(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 23A(4)",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 15(b)(i)"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 23A(4)(b) and word",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 15(b)(ii)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 35(2)",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 12(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 23A(4)(c)",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 15(b)(iii)"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 24",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 57(3)(c)"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 25",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 58(2)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 25A",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 58(3)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 26(1)",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 16(a)(i)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 26(1)",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 16(a)(ii)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 26(1A)",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 16(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 26(3)(c)",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 9 para. 5(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 26(4)-(7)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 9 para. 5(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 27",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 17"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 28(1)",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 56(3)(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 28(2)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 56(3)(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 28(4)(d)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 56(3)(c)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 28(7)(8)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 56(3)(d)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 29(5)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 8(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 29(6)(b)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 8(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 29(7)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 8(c)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 29A(7)",
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      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 9"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 30D(2)(a)(ii)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(g)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 30D(9)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 10"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 30E(1)(c)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(h)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 30E(3)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 53(5)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 30J and cross-heading",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 63"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 30K-30P and cross-heading",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 67"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 31(1)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2024/22",
      "affecting_title": "Leasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024",
      "affecting_provisions": "Sch. 11 para. 11(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 39",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(4)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10C 10D",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 61(1)"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10B(6)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(3)(d)"
    },
    {
      "type": "substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10B(4)(a)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(3)(c)"
    },
    {
      "type": "word substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10B(3)(b)(i)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(3)(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10B(1)(a)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(3)(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10A(7)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(2)(f)(ii)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10A(7)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(2)(f)(i)"
    },
    {
      "type": "omitted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10A(6)",
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      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(2)(e)"
    },
    {
      "type": "inserted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10A(5A)(5B)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(2)(d)"
    },
    {
      "type": "word substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10A(3)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(2)(c)"
    },
    {
      "type": "substituted for s. 10A(1)",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10A(1)(1A)",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(2)(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "words substituted",
      "affected_provisions": "s. 10A heading",
      "affecting": "ukpga/2025/26",
      "affecting_title": "Renters’ Rights Act 2025",
      "affecting_provisions": "s. 60(2)(a)"
    }
  ],
  "made_under": [],
  "changes_made_to": 287,
  "changes_made_to_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/changes.json",
  "changes_made_by": 0,
  "changes_made_by_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/changes/by-it.json",
  "instruments_made_under": 23,
  "instruments_made_under_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/landlord-and-tenant-act-1985/instruments.json",
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/70",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-10-29T09:59:43.672369+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}