{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977.json",
  "id": "ukpga/1977/37",
  "title": "Patents Act 1977",
  "long_title": "An Act to establish a new law of patents applicable to future patents and applications for patents; to amend the law of patents applicable to existing patents and applications for patents; to give effect to certain international conventions on patents; and for connected purposes.",
  "citation": "1977 c. 37",
  "type": "ukpga",
  "year": "1977",
  "number": "37",
  "version": "current",
  "date": "1977-07-29",
  "revised": true,
  "valid_from": "2025-01-01",
  "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
  "unapplied_effects": 16,
  "provisions": [
    {
      "path": "introduction",
      "kind": "introduction",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Introductory text",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/introduction",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I",
      "kind": "part",
      "number": "I",
      "heading": "New Domestic Law",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": null
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/patentability",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Patentability",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/1",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "1",
      "heading": "Patentable inventions.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-1",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/patentability"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/2",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "2",
      "heading": "Novelty.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-2",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/patentability"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/3",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "3",
      "heading": "Inventive step.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-3",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/patentability"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/4",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "4",
      "heading": "Industrial application.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-4",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/patentability"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/4A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "4A",
      "heading": "Methods of treatment or diagnosis",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-4A",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/patentability"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/5",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "5",
      "heading": "Priority date.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-5",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/patentability"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/6",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "6",
      "heading": "Disclosure of matter, etc., between earlier and later applications.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-6",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/patentability"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/right-to-apply-for-and-obtain-a-patent-and-be-mentioned-as-inventor",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Right to apply for and obtain a patent and be mentioned as inventor",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/7",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "7",
      "heading": "Right to apply for and obtain a patent.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-7",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/right-to-apply-for-and-obtain-a-patent-and-be-mentioned-as-inventor"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/8",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "8",
      "heading": "Determination before grant of questions about entitlement to patents, etc.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-8",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/right-to-apply-for-and-obtain-a-patent-and-be-mentioned-as-inventor"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/9",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "9",
      "heading": "Determination after grant of questions referred before grant.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-9",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/right-to-apply-for-and-obtain-a-patent-and-be-mentioned-as-inventor"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/10",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "10",
      "heading": "Handling of application by joint applicants.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-10",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/right-to-apply-for-and-obtain-a-patent-and-be-mentioned-as-inventor"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/11",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "11",
      "heading": "Effect of transfer of application under s. 8 or 10.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-11",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/right-to-apply-for-and-obtain-a-patent-and-be-mentioned-as-inventor"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/12",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "12",
      "heading": "Determination of questions about entitlement to foreign and convention patents, etc.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-12",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/right-to-apply-for-and-obtain-a-patent-and-be-mentioned-as-inventor"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/13",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "13",
      "heading": "Mention of inventor.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-13",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/right-to-apply-for-and-obtain-a-patent-and-be-mentioned-as-inventor"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/applications",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Applications",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/14",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "14",
      "heading": "Making of application.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-14",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/applications"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/15",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "15",
      "heading": "Date of filing application.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-15",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/applications"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/15A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "15A",
      "heading": "Preliminary examination",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-15A",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/applications"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/16",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "16",
      "heading": "Publication of application.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-16",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/applications"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/examination-and-search",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Examination and search",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/17",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "17",
      "heading": "Search.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-17",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/examination-and-search"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/18",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "18",
      "heading": "Substantive examination and grant or refusal of patent.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-18",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/examination-and-search"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/19",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "19",
      "heading": "General power to amend application before grant.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-19",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/examination-and-search"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20",
      "heading": "Failure of application.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-20",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/examination-and-search"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20A",
      "heading": "Reinstatement of applications",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-20A",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/examination-and-search"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/20B",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "20B",
      "heading": "Effect of reinstatement under section 20A",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-20B",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/examination-and-search"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/21",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "21",
      "heading": "Observations by third party on patentability.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-21",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/examination-and-search"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/security-and-safety",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Security and safety",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/22",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "22",
      "heading": "Information prejudicial to national security or safety of public.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-22",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/security-and-safety"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/23",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "23",
      "heading": "Restrictions on applications abroad by United Kingdom residents.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-23",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/security-and-safety"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-patents-after-grant",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Provisions as to patents after grant",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/24",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "24",
      "heading": "Publication and certificate of grant.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-24",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-patents-after-grant"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/25",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "25",
      "heading": "Term of patent.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-25",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-patents-after-grant"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/26",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "26",
      "heading": "Patent not to be impugned for lack of unity.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-26",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-patents-after-grant"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/27",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "27",
      "heading": "General power to amend specification after grant.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-27",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-patents-after-grant"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/28",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "28",
      "heading": "Restoration of lapsed patents.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-28",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-patents-after-grant"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/28A",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "28A",
      "heading": "Effect of order for restoration of patent.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-28A",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-patents-after-grant"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/29",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "29",
      "heading": "Surrender of patents.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-29",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/provisions-as-to-patents-after-grant"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/property-in-patents-and-applications-and-registration",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Property in patents and applications, and registration",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/30",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "30",
      "heading": "Nature of, and transactions in, patents and applications for patents.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-30",
      "extent": "E+W+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/property-in-patents-and-applications-and-registration"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/31",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "31",
      "heading": "Nature of, and transactions in, patents and applications for patents in Scotland.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-31",
      "extent": "S",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/property-in-patents-and-applications-and-registration"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/32",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "32",
      "heading": "Register of patents etc.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-32",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/property-in-patents-and-applications-and-registration"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/33",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "33",
      "heading": "Effect of registration, etc., on rights in patents.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-33",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/property-in-patents-and-applications-and-registration"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/34",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "34",
      "heading": "Rectification of register.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-34",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/property-in-patents-and-applications-and-registration"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/35",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "35",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-35",
      "extent": null,
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/property-in-patents-and-applications-and-registration"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/36",
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      "number": "36",
      "heading": "Co-ownership of patents and applications for patents.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-36",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/property-in-patents-and-applications-and-registration"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/37",
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      "number": "37",
      "heading": "Determination of right to patent after grant.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-37",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/property-in-patents-and-applications-and-registration"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/38",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "38",
      "heading": "Effect of transfer of patent under s. 37.",
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      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/property-in-patents-and-applications-and-registration"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/employees-inventions",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Employees’ inventions",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/39",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "39",
      "heading": "Right to employees’ inventions.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-39",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/employees-inventions"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/40",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "40",
      "heading": "Compensation of employees for certain inventions.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-40",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/employees-inventions"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/41",
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      "number": "41",
      "heading": "Amount of compensation.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-41",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/employees-inventions"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/42",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "42",
      "heading": "Enforceability of contracts relating to employees’ inventions.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-42",
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/employees-inventions"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/43",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "43",
      "heading": "Supplementary.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-43",
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      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/employees-inventions"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/contracts-as-to-patented-products-etc",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Contracts as to patented products, etc.",
      "url": null,
      "extent": null,
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/44",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "44",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-44",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/contracts-as-to-patented-products-etc"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/45",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "45",
      "heading": "Determination of parts of certain contracts.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-45",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": "repealed",
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/contracts-as-to-patented-products-etc"
    },
    {
      "path": "part/I/crossheading/licences-of-right-and-compulsory-licences",
      "kind": "crossheading",
      "number": null,
      "heading": "Licences of right and compulsory licences",
      "url": null,
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/46",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "46",
      "heading": "Patentee’s application for entry in register that licences are available as of right.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-46",
      "extent": "E+W+S+N.I.",
      "status": null,
      "parent": "part/I/crossheading/licences-of-right-and-compulsory-licences"
    },
    {
      "path": "section/47",
      "kind": "section",
      "number": "47",
      "heading": "Cancellation of entry made under s. 46.",
      "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/patents-act-1977/section-47",
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      "heading": "Compulsory licences: other cases.",
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      "heading": "Provisions about licences under s. 48.",
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      "heading": "Exercise of powers on applications under s. 48.",
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      "path": "section/50A",
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      "heading": "Powers exercisable following merger and market investigations",
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      "heading": "Powers exercisable in consequence of report of Competition and Markets Authority.",
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      "heading": "Opposition, appeal and arbitration.",
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      "heading": "Compulsory licences; supplementary provisions.",
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      "path": "section/54",
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      "heading": "Special provisions where patented invention is being worked abroad.",
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      "path": "part/I/crossheading/use-of-patented-inventions-for-services-of-the-crown",
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      "path": "section/55",
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      "heading": "Use of patented inventions for services of the Crown.",
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      "heading": "References of disputes as to Crown use.",
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      "path": "part/I/crossheading/infringement",
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      "heading": "Meaning of infringement.",
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      "heading": "Right to continue use begun before priority date.",
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      "heading": "Certificate of contested validity of patent.",
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      "path": "part/I/crossheading/revocation-of-patents",
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      "number": "84",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
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      "path": "section/85",
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      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
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      "heading": "Implementation of Community Patent Convention.",
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      "path": "section/88",
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      "number": "88",
      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
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      "path": "part/II/crossheading/unified-patent-court",
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      "path": "section/102A",
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      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
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      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
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      "heading": "Hours of business and excluded days.",
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      "heading": "Rules.",
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      "path": "section/124",
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      "path": "section/125",
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      "heading": "Extent of invention.",
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      "path": "section/126",
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      "heading": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .",
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      "heading": "Existing patents and applications.",
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      "heading": "Priorities between patents and applications under 1949 Act and this Act.",
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      "path": "section/128B",
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      "path": "section/129",
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      "heading": "Application of Act to Crown.",
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      "heading": "Northern Ireland.",
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      "path": "section/132",
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  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
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}