{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/police-act-1996/section-91",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/police-act-1996/section-91.json",
  "legislation": "ukpga/1996/16",
  "legislation_title": "Police Act 1996",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/police-act-1996",
  "path": "section/91",
  "kind": "section",
  "number": "91",
  "heading": "Causing disaffection.",
  "text": "(1) Any person who causes, or attempts to cause, or does any act calculated to cause, disaffection amongst the members of any police force, or induces or attempts to induce, or does any act calculated to induce, any member of a police force to withhold his services, shall be guilty of an offence and liable—\n(a) on summary conviction, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or to a fine not exceeding the statutory maximum, or to both;\n(b) on conviction on indictment, to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years or to a fine, or to both.\n(2) This section applies in the case of—\n(a) special constables appointed for a police area,\n(aa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\n(b) members of the Civil Nuclear Constabulary, and\n(c) members of the British Transport Police Force,\nas it applies in the case of members of a police force.\n(3) Liability under subsection (1) for any behaviour is in addition to any civil liability for that behaviour.",
  "extent": "E+W",
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F1",
      "text": "S. 91(2) substituted (1.4.2005) by Energy Act 2004 (c. 20), ss. 68(3), 198(2); S.I. 2005/877, art. 2(1), Sch. 1"
    },
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F2",
      "text": "S. 91(2)(aa) omitted (7.10.2013) by virtue of Crime and Courts Act 2013 (c. 22), s. 61(2), Sch. 8 para. 47; S.I. 2013/1682, art. 3(v)"
    },
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F3",
      "text": "S. 91(3) inserted (1.4.2007) by Police and Justice Act 2006 (c. 48), s. 53(1), Sch. 14 para. 30; S.I. 2007/709, art. 3(p) (with art. 6)"
    },
    {
      "type": "C",
      "label": "C1",
      "text": "S. 91 amended (1.7.2004) by Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 (c. 20), Sch. 5 para. 4; S.I. 2004/1572, art. 3(jjj)"
    }
  ],
  "outstanding_effects": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1996/16/section/91",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-10-29T09:32:17.766939+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}