{
  "url": "https://openlegislation.uk/tribunal-procedure-upper-tribunal-rules-2008/article-37",
  "json_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/tribunal-procedure-upper-tribunal-rules-2008/article-37.json",
  "legislation": "uksi/2008/2698",
  "legislation_title": "The Tribunal Procedure (Upper Tribunal) Rules 2008",
  "legislation_url": "https://openlegislation.uk/tribunal-procedure-upper-tribunal-rules-2008",
  "path": "article/37",
  "kind": "article",
  "number": "37",
  "heading": "Public and private hearings",
  "text": "(1) Subject to the following paragraphs, all hearings must be held in public.\n(2) The Upper Tribunal may give a direction that a hearing, or part of it, is to be held in private.\n(2ZA) Without prejudice to paragraph (2), the Upper Tribunal may direct that a hearing, or part of it, is to be held in private if—\n(a) the Upper Tribunal directs that the proceedings are to be conducted wholly or partly as video proceedings or audio proceedings;\n(b) it is not reasonably practicable for such a hearing, or such part, to be accessed in a court or tribunal venue by persons who are not parties entitled to participate in the hearing;\n(c) a media representative is not able to access the proceedings remotely while they are taking place; and\n(d) such a direction is necessary to secure the proper administration of justice.\n(2A) In a national security certificate appeal, the Upper Tribunal must have regard to its duty under rule 14(10) (no disclosure of information contrary to the interests of national security) when considering whether to give a direction that a hearing, or part of it, is to be held in private.\n(3) Where a hearing, or part of it, is to be held in private, the Upper Tribunal may determine who is entitled to attend the hearing or part of it.\n(4) The Upper Tribunal may give a direction excluding from any hearing, or part of it—\n(a) any person whose conduct the Upper Tribunal considers is disrupting or is likely to disrupt the hearing;\n(b) any person whose presence the Upper Tribunal considers is likely to prevent another person from giving evidence or making submissions freely;\n(c) any person who the Upper Tribunal considers should be excluded in order to give effect to the requirement at rule 14(11) (prevention of disclosure or publication of documents and information); ...\n(d) any person where the purpose of the hearing would be defeated by the attendance of that person; or\n(e) a person under 18, other than a young person who is a party in a special educational needs case or a disability discrimination in schools case.\n(5) The Upper Tribunal may give a direction excluding a witness from a hearing until that witness gives evidence.",
  "extent": null,
  "status": null,
  "version": "current",
  "annotations": [
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F1",
      "text": "Rule 37(2ZA) inserted (temp.) (10.4.2020) by virtue of The Tribunal Procedure (Coronavirus) (Amendment) Rules 2020 (S.I. 2020/416), rules 1(2), 5(3)"
    },
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F2",
      "text": "Rule 37(2A) inserted (18.1.2010) by The Tribunal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2010 (S.I. 2010/43), rules 1, 12"
    },
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F3",
      "text": "Words in rule 37(4)(c) substituted (1.9.2009) by The Tribunal Procedure (Amendment No. 2) Rules 2009 (S.I. 2009/1975), rules 1, 20"
    },
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F4",
      "text": "Word in rule 37(4)(c) omitted (1.4.2009) by virtue of Tribunal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2009 (S.I. 2009/274), rules 1, 19(a)"
    },
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F5",
      "text": "Rule 37(4)(e) and word inserted (1.4.2009) by Tribunal Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2009 (S.I. 2009/274), rules 1, 19(b)"
    },
    {
      "type": "F",
      "label": "F6",
      "text": "Words in rule 37(4)(e) substituted (1.9.2014) by The Tribunal Procedure (Amendment No. 3) Rules 2014 (S.I. 2014/2128), rules 1(a), 13"
    }
  ],
  "outstanding_effects": [],
  "provenance": {
    "source": "legislation.gov.uk",
    "source_url": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2008/2698/article/37",
    "retrieved_at": "2026-10-29T03:23:22.576941+00:00"
  },
  "licence": "Open Government Licence v3.0",
  "licence_url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/",
  "attribution": "Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Source: legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives."
}