OpenLegislation

Digital Economy Act 2017

2017 c. 30 · Enacted 27 April 2017 · Extends to United Kingdom

Up to date with all changes known to legislation.gov.uk, revised to 30 September 2026.

An Act to make provision about electronic communications infrastructure and services; to provide for restricting access to online pornography; to make provision about protection of intellectual property in connection with electronic communications; to make provision about data-sharing; to make provision in connection with section 68 of the Telecommunications Act 1984; to make provision about functions of OFCOM in relation to the BBC; to provide for determination by the BBC of age-related TV licence fee concessions; to make provision about the regulation of direct marketing; to make other provision about OFCOM and its functions; to make provision about internet filters; to make provision about preventing or restricting the use of communication devices in connection with drug dealing offences; to confer power to create an offence of breaching limits on ticket sales; to make provision about the payment of charges to the Information Commissioner; to make provision about payment systems and securities settlement systems; to make provision about qualifications in information technology; and for connected purposes.

[27th April 2017]

Be it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—C1

Annotations to the whole text

Modifications

C1

Act amendments to 2003 c. 21, by s. 89 extended to Jersey (1.6.2020) by The Communications (Jersey) Order 2020 (S.I. 2020/530), art. 2

Contents

  1. Part 1: Access to digital services
  2. 1Universal service broadband obligations
  3. 2General conditions: switching communications provider
  4. 3Automatic compensation for failure to meet performance standards
  5. Part 2: Digital infrastructure
  6. Electronic communications code
  7. 4The electronic communications code
  8. 5Power to make transitional provision in connection with the code
  9. 6Power to make consequential provision etc in connection with the code
  10. 7Application of the code: protection of the environment
  11. Dynamic spectrum access services
  12. 8Regulation of dynamic spectrum access services
  13. Other regulation of spectrum
  14. 9Penalties for contravention of wireless telegraphy licences
  15. 10Fixed penalties under Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006
  16. 11Search warrants under Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006
  17. 12Disposal of seized property under Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006
  18. 13Time limits for prosecutions under Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006
  19. Part 3: Online pornography Repealed
  20. 14Internet pornography: requirement to prevent access by persons under 18 Repealed
  21. 15Meaning of “pornographic material” Repealed
  22. 16The age-verification regulator: designation and funding Repealed
  23. 17Parliamentary procedure for designation of age-verification regulator Repealed
  24. 18Regulator's power to require information Not yet in force
  25. 19Enforcement by regulator of sections 14 and 18 Not yet in force
  26. 20Financial penalties imposed by regulator Not yet in force
  27. 21Notice by regulator to payment-services providers and ancillary service providers Repealed
  28. 22Meaning of “extreme pornographic material” Repealed
  29. 23Regulator's power to require internet service providers to block access to material Not yet in force
  30. 24No power to give notice under section 23(1) where detrimental to national security etc Not yet in force
  31. 25Guidance to be published by regulator Repealed
  32. 26Exercise of functions by regulator Repealed
  33. 27Guidance by Secretary of State to regulator Repealed
  34. 28Requirements for notices given by regulator under this Part Not yet in force
  35. 29Report on this Part Not yet in force
  36. 30Interpretation and general provisions relating to this Part Repealed
  37. Part 4: Intellectual Property
  38. 31Lending of e-books by public libraries
  39. 32Offences: infringing copyright and making available right
  40. 33Registered designs: infringement: marking product with internet link
  41. 34Copyright etc where broadcast retransmitted by cable
  42. Part 5: Digital government
  43. Chapter 1: Public service delivery
  44. 35Disclosure of information to improve public service delivery
  45. 36Disclosure of information to gas and electricity suppliers etc
  46. 37Disclosure of information by gas and electricity suppliers etc
  47. 38Disclosure of information to water and sewerage undertakers etc
  48. 39Disclosure of information by water and sewerage undertakers etc
  49. 40Further provisions about disclosures under any of sections 35 to 39
  50. 41Confidentiality of personal information
  51. 42Information disclosed by the Revenue and Customs
  52. 43Code of practice
  53. 44Regulations under this Chapter
  54. 45Interpretation of this Chapter etc
  55. Chapter 2: Civil registration
  56. 46Disclosure of information by civil registration officials
  57. 47Consequential provision
  58. Chapter 3: Debt owed to the public sector
  59. 48Disclosure of information to reduce debt owed to the public sector
  60. 49Further provisions about power in section 48
  61. 50Confidentiality of personal information
  62. 51Information disclosed by the Revenue and Customs
  63. 52Code of practice
  64. 53Duty to review operation of Chapter
  65. 54Regulations under this Chapter
  66. 55Interpretation of this Chapter
  67. Chapter 4: Fraud against the public sector
  68. 56Disclosure of information to combat fraud against the public sector
  69. 57Further provisions about power in section 56
  70. 58Confidentiality of personal information
  71. 59Information disclosed by the Revenue and Customs
  72. 60Code of practice
  73. 61Duty to review operation of Chapter
  74. 62Regulations under this Chapter
  75. 63Interpretation of this Chapter
  76. Chapter 5: Sharing for research purposes
  77. 64Disclosure of information for research purposes
  78. 65Provisions supplementary to section 64
  79. 66Bar on further disclosure of personal information
  80. 67Information disclosed by the Revenue and Customs
  81. 68Information disclosed by the Welsh Revenue Authority
  82. 69Information disclosed by Revenue Scotland
  83. 70Code of practice
  84. 71Accreditation for the purposes of this Chapter
  85. 72Delegation of functions of the Statistics Board
  86. 73Interpretation of this Chapter
  87. Chapter 6: Disclosure by revenue authorities
  88. 74Disclosure of non-identifying information by the Revenue and Customs
  89. 75Disclosure of non-identifying information by the Welsh Revenue Authority
  90. 76Disclosure of non-identifying information by Revenue Scotland
  91. 77Disclosure of employer reference information by the Revenue and Customs
  92. Chapter 7: Statistics
  93. 78Disclosure of information by the Revenue and Customs to the Statistics Board
  94. 79Disclosure of information by public authorities to the Statistics Board
  95. 80Access to information by the Statistics Board
  96. 81Disclosure by the Statistics Board to devolved administrations
  97. Part 6: Miscellaneous
  98. OFCOM: reports etc
  99. 82OFCOM reports on infrastructure etc
  100. 83Comparative overviews of quality and prices
  101. OFCOM: information
  102. 84Conditions about allocation of telephone numbers
  103. 85Provision of information to OFCOM
  104. 86Information required from communications providers
  105. Appeals
  106. 87Appeals from decisions of OFCOM and others: standard of review
  107. Regulation and functions of BBC
  108. 88Functions of OFCOM in relation to the BBC
  109. 89TV licence fee concessions by reference to age
  110. Provision of children's programmes
  111. 90Provision of children's programmes
  112. OFCOM powers relating to criminal content etc
  113. 91Suspension of radio licences for inciting crime or disorder
  114. 92Digital additional services: seriously harmful extrinsic material
  115. On-demand programme services
  116. 93On-demand programme services: accessibility for people with disabilities Repealed
  117. 94On-demand programme services: specially restricted material Not yet in force
  118. Electronic Programme Guides
  119. 95Electronic programme guides and public service channels
  120. Direct marketing code
  121. 96Direct marketing code
  122. Televising events of national interest
  123. 97Televising events of national interest: power to amend qualifying conditions
  124. Other provisions relating to OFCOM
  125. 98Strategic priorities and provision of information
  126. 99OFCOM and Northern Ireland
  127. 100Retention by OFCOM of amounts paid under Wireless Telegraphy Act 2006
  128. 101International recognition of satellite frequency assignments: power of OFCOM to charge fees
  129. Billing limits for mobile phones
  130. 102Billing limits for mobile phones
  131. Online social media platforms
  132. 103Code of practice for providers of online social media platforms Repealed
  133. Internet filters
  134. 104Internet filters
  135. Ticket sales
  136. 105Secondary ticketing: duty to provide information about tickets
  137. 106Power to create offence of breaching limits on internet and other ticket sales
  138. Communication devices used for drug dealing
  139. 107Prevention or restriction of use of communication devices for drug dealing
  140. Charges payable to the Information Commissioner
  141. 108Regulations about charges payable to the Information Commissioner Repealed
  142. 109Functions relating to regulations under section 108 Repealed
  143. 110Supplementary provision relating to section 108 Repealed
  144. 111Amendments relating to section 108
  145. Payment and securities settlement systems
  146. 112Power to apply settlement finality regime to payment institutions
  147. 113Bank of England oversight of payment systems
  148. Qualifications in information technology
  149. 114Qualifications in information technology: payment of tuition fees
  150. Guarantee of pension liabilities under Telecommunications Act 1984
  151. 115Guarantee of pension liabilities under Telecommunications Act 1984
  152. 116Regulations under section 115
  153. Part 7: General
  154. 117Financial provisions
  155. 118Commencement
  156. 119Extent
  157. 120Short title
  158. Schedule 1: The electronic communications code
  159. Paragraph
  160. Schedule 2: The electronic communications code: transitional provision
  161. Interpretation
  162. 1Paragraph 1
  163. Effect of subsisting agreement
  164. 2Paragraph 2
  165. Limitation of code rights
  166. 3Paragraph 3
  167. Limitation of persons bound
  168. 4Paragraph 4
  169. Exclusion of assignment ... provisions
  170. 5Paragraph 5
  171. Upgrading and sharing provisions
  172. 5AParagraph 5A
  173. Termination and modification of agreements
  174. 6Paragraph 6
  175. 7Paragraph 7
  176. Apparatus, works etc
  177. 8Paragraph 8
  178. 9Paragraph 9
  179. 10Paragraph 10
  180. Court applications for required rights etc
  181. 11Paragraph 11
  182. 12Paragraph 12
  183. Temporary code rights
  184. 13Paragraph 13
  185. Compensation
  186. 14Paragraph 14
  187. Objections in relation to apparatus
  188. 15Paragraph 15
  189. 16Paragraph 16
  190. 17Paragraph 17
  191. Tree lopping
  192. 18Paragraph 18
  193. 19Paragraph 19
  194. Right to require removal of apparatus
  195. 20Paragraph 20
  196. Undertaker's works
  197. 21Paragraph 21
  198. Supplementary
  199. 22Paragraph 22
  200. 23Paragraph 23
  201. 24Paragraph 24
  202. 25Paragraph 25
  203. Schedule 3: Electronic communications code: consequential amendments
  204. Part 1: General provision
  205. Interpretation
  206. 1Paragraph 1
  207. References to the code or provisions of the code
  208. 2Paragraph 2
  209. References to a conduit system
  210. 3Paragraph 3
  211. Part 2: Amendments of particular enactments
  212. Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 (c. 56)
  213. 4Paragraph 4
  214. Opencast Coal Act 1958 (c. 69)
  215. 5Paragraph 5
  216. Land Drainage (Scotland) Act 1958 (c. 24)
  217. 6Paragraph 6
  218. Pipe-lines Act 1962 (c. 58)
  219. 7Paragraph 7
  220. Harbours Act 1964 (c. 40)
  221. 8Paragraph 8
  222. Fair Trading Act 1973 (c. 41)
  223. 9Paragraph 9
  224. Highways Act 1980 (c. 66)
  225. 10Paragraph 10
  226. 11Paragraph 11
  227. 12Paragraph 12
  228. Roads (Scotland) Act 1984 (c. 54)
  229. 13Paragraph 13
  230. 14Paragraph 14
  231. 15Paragraph 15
  232. 16Paragraph 16
  233. Housing Act 1985 (c. 68)
  234. 17Paragraph 17
  235. 18Paragraph 18
  236. 19Paragraph 19
  237. 20Paragraph 20
  238. Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 (c. 48)
  239. 21Paragraph 21
  240. 22Paragraph 22
  241. 23Paragraph 23
  242. Airports Act 1986 (c. 31)
  243. 24Paragraph 24
  244. 25Paragraph 25
  245. Landlord and Tenant Act 1987 (c. 31)
  246. 26Paragraph 26
  247. Road Traffic (Driver Licensing and Information Systems) Act 1989 (c. 22)
  248. 27Paragraph 27
  249. Electricity Act 1989 (c. 29)
  250. 28Paragraph 28
  251. Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (c. 8)
  252. 29Paragraph 29
  253. Water Industry Act 1991 (c. 56)
  254. 30Paragraph 30
  255. Water Resources Act 1991 (c. 57)
  256. 31Paragraph 31
  257. Electricity (Northern Ireland) Order 1992 (S.I. 1992/231)
  258. 32Paragraph 32
  259. Cardiff Bay Barrage Act 1993 (c. 42)
  260. 33Paragraph 33
  261. Roads (Northern Ireland) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/3160)
  262. 34Paragraph 34
  263. Airports (Northern Ireland) Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/426)
  264. 35Paragraph 35
  265. Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995 (c. 30)
  266. 36Paragraph 36
  267. Gas Act 1995 (c. 45)
  268. 37Paragraph 37
  269. Channel Tunnel Rail Link Act 1996 (c. 61)
  270. 38Paragraph 38
  271. Gas (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (S.I. 1996/275)
  272. 39Paragraph 39
  273. Business Tenancies (Northern Ireland) Order 1996 (SI 1996/725 (NI 5))
  274. 40Paragraph 40
  275. Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1997 (c. 8)
  276. 41Paragraph 41
  277. Enterprise Act 2002 (c. 40)
  278. 42Paragraph 42
  279. 43Paragraph 43
  280. 44Paragraph 44
  281. Communications Act 2003 (c. 21)
  282. 45Paragraph 45
  283. 46Paragraph 46
  284. 47Paragraph 47
  285. 48Paragraph 48
  286. Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003 (asp 2)
  287. 49Paragraph 49
  288. Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 (c. 17)
  289. 50Paragraph 50
  290. 51Paragraph 51
  291. 52Paragraph 52
  292. 53Paragraph 53
  293. Crossrail Act 2008 (c. 18)
  294. 54Paragraph 54
  295. Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 (asp 5)
  296. 55Paragraph 55
  297. 56Paragraph 56
  298. 57Paragraph 57
  299. Schedule 4: Public service delivery: specified persons for the purposes of section 35
  300. Part 1: UK AND ENGLISH BODIES
  301. 1Paragraph 1
  302. 2Paragraph 2
  303. 3Paragraph 3
  304. 4Paragraph 4
  305. 5Paragraph 5
  306. 6Paragraph 6
  307. 7Paragraph 7
  308. 8Paragraph 8
  309. 9Paragraph 9
  310. 9AParagraph 9A
  311. 9BParagraph 9B
  312. 10Paragraph 10
  313. 11Paragraph 11
  314. 12Paragraph 12
  315. 13Paragraph 13
  316. 14Paragraph 14
  317. 14AParagraph 14A
  318. 15Paragraph 15
  319. 16Paragraph 16
  320. 17Paragraph 17
  321. 18Paragraph 18
  322. 19Paragraph 19
  323. 20Paragraph 20
  324. 21Paragraph 21
  325. 22Paragraph 22
  326. 23Paragraph 23
  327. 24Paragraph 24
  328. 25Paragraph 25
  329. 26Paragraph 26
  330. 27Paragraph 27
  331. 27AParagraph 27A
  332. 27BParagraph 27B
  333. 27CParagraph 27C
  334. 27DParagraph 27D
  335. 28Paragraph 28
  336. 28AParagraph 28A
  337. Part 2: WELSH BODIES
  338. 29Paragraph 29
  339. 30Paragraph 30
  340. 31Paragraph 31
  341. 32Paragraph 32
  342. 33Paragraph 33
  343. 34Paragraph 34
  344. 35Paragraph 35
  345. 36Paragraph 36
  346. 37Paragraph 37
  347. 38Paragraph 38 Repealed
  348. 39Paragraph 39
  349. 40Paragraph 40
  350. 41Paragraph 41
  351. 42Paragraph 42
  352. 43Paragraph 43
  353. 44Paragraph 44
  354. 45Paragraph 45
  355. 46Paragraph 46
  356. 47Paragraph 47
  357. 48Paragraph 48
  358. Part 3: SCOTTISH BODIES
  359. 49Paragraph 49
  360. 50Paragraph 50
  361. 51Paragraph 51
  362. 52Paragraph 52
  363. Schedule 5: Public service delivery: specified persons for the purposes of sections 36 and 37
  364. Part 1: UK AND ENGLISH BODIES
  365. 1Paragraph 1
  366. 2Paragraph 2
  367. 3Paragraph 3
  368. 4Paragraph 4
  369. 5Paragraph 5
  370. 6Paragraph 6
  371. 7Paragraph 7
  372. 8Paragraph 8
  373. 8AParagraph 8A
  374. 9Paragraph 9
  375. 10Paragraph 10
  376. 11Paragraph 11
  377. 12Paragraph 12
  378. 13Paragraph 13
  379. 14Paragraph 14
  380. 15Paragraph 15
  381. 16Paragraph 16
  382. 17Paragraph 17
  383. 18Paragraph 18
  384. Part 2: WELSH BODIES
  385. 19Paragraph 19
  386. 20Paragraph 20
  387. 21Paragraph 21
  388. 22Paragraph 22
  389. 23Paragraph 23
  390. 24Paragraph 24
  391. 25Paragraph 25
  392. 26Paragraph 26
  393. 27Paragraph 27
  394. 28Paragraph 28
  395. 29Paragraph 29
  396. 30Paragraph 30
  397. 31Paragraph 31
  398. 32Paragraph 32
  399. Schedule 6: Public service delivery: specified persons for the purposes of sections 38 and 39
  400. Part 1: UK AND ENGLISH BODIES
  401. 1Paragraph 1
  402. 2Paragraph 2
  403. 3Paragraph 3
  404. 4Paragraph 4
  405. 5Paragraph 5
  406. 6Paragraph 6
  407. 7Paragraph 7
  408. 7AParagraph 7A
  409. 8Paragraph 8
  410. 9Paragraph 9
  411. 10Paragraph 10
  412. 11Paragraph 11
  413. 12Paragraph 12
  414. Part 2: WELSH BODIES
  415. 13Paragraph 13
  416. 14Paragraph 14
  417. 15Paragraph 15
  418. 16Paragraph 16
  419. 17Paragraph 17
  420. 18Paragraph 18
  421. 19Paragraph 19
  422. 20Paragraph 20
  423. 21Paragraph 21
  424. 22Paragraph 22
  425. 23Paragraph 23
  426. 24Paragraph 24
  427. 25Paragraph 25
  428. Schedule 7: Specified persons for the purposes of the debt provisions
  429. Part 1: UK AND ENGLISH BODIES
  430. 1Paragraph 1
  431. 2Paragraph 2
  432. 3Paragraph 3
  433. 4Paragraph 4
  434. 5Paragraph 5
  435. 5AParagraph 5A
  436. 5BParagraph 5B
  437. 6Paragraph 6
  438. 7Paragraph 7
  439. 8Paragraph 8
  440. 9Paragraph 9
  441. 10Paragraph 10
  442. 11Paragraph 11
  443. 12Paragraph 12
  444. 13Paragraph 13
  445. 14Paragraph 14
  446. 15Paragraph 15
  447. 16Paragraph 16
  448. 17Paragraph 17
  449. 17AParagraph 17A
  450. Part 2: WELSH BODIES
  451. 18Paragraph 18
  452. 19Paragraph 19
  453. 20Paragraph 20
  454. 21Paragraph 21
  455. 22Paragraph 22
  456. 23Paragraph 23
  457. 24Paragraph 24
  458. Part 3: SCOTTISH BODIES
  459. 25Paragraph 25
  460. 26Paragraph 26
  461. 27Paragraph 27
  462. 28Paragraph 28
  463. 29Paragraph 29
  464. 30Paragraph 30
  465. 31Paragraph 31
  466. 32Paragraph 32
  467. 33Paragraph 33
  468. 34Paragraph 34
  469. 35Paragraph 35
  470. 36Paragraph 36
  471. 37Paragraph 37
  472. 38Paragraph 38
  473. 39Paragraph 39
  474. Schedule 8: Specified persons for the purposes of the fraud provisions
  475. Part 1: UK AND ENGLISH BODIES
  476. 1Paragraph 1
  477. 2Paragraph 2
  478. 3Paragraph 3
  479. 4Paragraph 4
  480. 5Paragraph 5
  481. 6Paragraph 6
  482. 7Paragraph 7
  483. 8Paragraph 8
  484. 9Paragraph 9
  485. 10Paragraph 10
  486. 11Paragraph 11
  487. 12Paragraph 12
  488. 12AParagraph 12A
  489. 12BParagraph 12B
  490. 13Paragraph 13
  491. 14Paragraph 14
  492. 15Paragraph 15
  493. 16Paragraph 16
  494. 17Paragraph 17
  495. 18Paragraph 18
  496. 19Paragraph 19
  497. 20Paragraph 20
  498. 21Paragraph 21
  499. 22Paragraph 22
  500. 23Paragraph 23
  501. 24Paragraph 24
  502. 25Paragraph 25
  503. 26Paragraph 26
  504. 27Paragraph 27
  505. 28Paragraph 28
  506. 29Paragraph 29
  507. 30Paragraph 30
  508. 31Paragraph 31
  509. 32Paragraph 32
  510. 32AParagraph 32A
  511. 33Paragraph 33 Repealed
  512. 34Paragraph 34 Repealed
  513. 35Paragraph 35 Repealed
  514. 36Paragraph 36 Repealed
  515. 37Paragraph 37 Repealed
  516. 38Paragraph 38 Repealed
  517. 39Paragraph 39 Repealed
  518. 40Paragraph 40 Repealed
  519. 41Paragraph 41
  520. 41AParagraph 41A
  521. Part 2: WELSH BODIES
  522. 42Paragraph 42
  523. 43Paragraph 43
  524. 44Paragraph 44
  525. 45Paragraph 45
  526. 46Paragraph 46
  527. 47Paragraph 47
  528. 48Paragraph 48
  529. 49Paragraph 49
  530. 50Paragraph 50
  531. 51Paragraph 51
  532. 52Paragraph 52
  533. 53Paragraph 53
  534. 54Paragraph 54
  535. 55Paragraph 55
  536. 56Paragraph 56
  537. Part 3: SCOTTISH BODIES
  538. 57Paragraph 57
  539. 58Paragraph 58
  540. 59Paragraph 59
  541. 60Paragraph 60
  542. 61Paragraph 61
  543. 62Paragraph 62
  544. 63Paragraph 63
  545. 64Paragraph 64
  546. 65Paragraph 65
  547. 66Paragraph 66
  548. 67Paragraph 67
  549. 68Paragraph 68
  550. 69Paragraph 69
  551. 70Paragraph 70
  552. 71Paragraph 71
  553. 72Paragraph 72
  554. 73Paragraph 73
  555. 74Paragraph 74
  556. Schedule 9: Bank of England oversight of payment systems
  557. Part 1: Extension of Bank of England oversight of payment systems
  558. 1Paragraph 1
  559. 2Paragraph 2
  560. 3Paragraph 3
  561. 4Paragraph 4
  562. 5Paragraph 5
  563. 6Paragraph 6
  564. 7Paragraph 7
  565. 8Paragraph 8
  566. 9Paragraph 9
  567. 10Paragraph 10
  568. 11Paragraph 11
  569. 12Paragraph 12
  570. 13Paragraph 13
  571. 14Paragraph 14
  572. 15Paragraph 15
  573. 16Paragraph 16
  574. 17Paragraph 17
  575. 18Paragraph 18
  576. 19Paragraph 19
  577. 20Paragraph 20
  578. 21Paragraph 21
  579. 22Paragraph 22
  580. 23Paragraph 23
  581. 24Paragraph 24
  582. 25Paragraph 25
  583. 26Paragraph 26
  584. 27Paragraph 27
  585. 28Paragraph 28
  586. 29Paragraph 29
  587. 30Paragraph 30
  588. Part 2: Consequential amendments
  589. Financial Services Act 2012
  590. 31Paragraph 31
  591. 32Paragraph 32
  592. 33Paragraph 33
  593. 34Paragraph 34
  594. Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013
  595. 35Paragraph 35
  596. 36Paragraph 36
  597. 37Paragraph 37
  598. 38Paragraph 38
  599. 39Paragraph 39
  600. 40Paragraph 40
  601. 41Paragraph 41
  602. 42Paragraph 42
  603. 43Paragraph 43
  604. 44Paragraph 44
  605. 45Paragraph 45