OpenLegislation

Age of Legal Capacity (Scotland) Act 1991

1991 c. 50 · Enacted 25 July 1991 · Extends to Scotland

Not fully up to date. 4 changes made by later legislation have not yet been written into this text, which is revised to 17 July 2012.

See the changes not yet applied
ProvisionChangeMade by
s. 1(3)(da)insertedTrusts and Succession (Scotland) Act 2024 Sch. 1 para. 17(a)
s. 1(3)(f)(iii)words substitutedTrusts and Succession (Scotland) Act 2024 Sch. 1 para. 17(b)
Sch. 1 para. 25repealedTrusts and Succession (Scotland) Act 2024 Sch. 2
Sch. 1 para. 27repealedTrusts and Succession (Scotland) Act 2024 Sch. 2

An Act to make provision in the law of Scotland as to the legal capacity of persons under the age of 18 years to enter into transactions, as to the setting aside and ratification by the court of transactions entered into by such persons and as to guardians of persons under the age of 16 years; to make provision in the law of Scotland relating to the time and date at which a person shall be taken to attain a particular age; and for connected purposes.

[25th July 1991]

I1C1Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

Annotations to the whole text

Modifications

C1

Act excluded (19.2.1996) by 1995 c. 6, s. 2(3); S.I. 1996/125, art. 2 (with art. 3)

Commencement

I1

Act wholly in force at 25. 9. 1991 see s. 11(2)

Contents

  1. 1Age of legal capacity.
  2. 2Exceptions to general rule.
  3. 3Setting aside of transactions.
  4. 4Ratification by court of proposed transaction.
  5. 5Guardians of persons under 16.
  6. 6Attainment of age.
  7. 7Acquisition of domicile. Repealed
  8. 8Transitional provision.
  9. 9Interpretation.
  10. 10Amendments and repeals.
  11. 11Short title, commencement and extent.
  12. Schedule 1: AMENDMENT OF ENACTMENTS
  13. Defence Act 1842 (c.94)
  14. 1Paragraph 1
  15. 2Paragraph 2
  16. Lands Clauses Consolidation (Scotland) Act 1845 (c.19)
  17. 3Paragraph 3 Repealed
  18. 4Paragraph 4 Repealed
  19. 5Paragraph 5 Repealed
  20. 6Paragraph 6
  21. Judicial Factors Act 1849 (c.51)
  22. 7Paragraph 7 Repealed
  23. 8Paragraph 8 Repealed
  24. 9Paragraph 9 Repealed
  25. 10Paragraph 10 Repealed
  26. 11Paragraph 11 Repealed
  27. 12Paragraph 12 Repealed
  28. 13Paragraph 13 Repealed
  29. 14Paragraph 14 Repealed
  30. 15Paragraph 15 Repealed
  31. Improvement of Land Act 1864 (c.114)
  32. 16Paragraph 16
  33. 17Paragraph 17
  34. 18Paragraph 18
  35. Titles to Land Consolidation (Scotland) Act 1868 (c.101)
  36. 19Paragraph 19
  37. 20Paragraph 20
  38. 21Paragraph 21
  39. Colonial Stock Act 1877 (c.59)
  40. 22Paragraph 22
  41. Heritable Securities (Scotland) Act 1894 (c.44)
  42. 23Paragraph 23
  43. Merchant Shipping Act 1894 (c.60)
  44. 24Paragraph 24
  45. Trusts (Scotland) Act 1921 (c.58)
  46. 25Paragraph 25
  47. Conveyancing (Scotland) Act 1924 (c.27)
  48. 26Paragraph 26
  49. Trusts (Scotland) Act 1961 (c.57)
  50. 27Paragraph 27
  51. Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Scotland) Act 1965 (c.49)
  52. 28Paragraph 28 Repealed
  53. 29Paragraph 29
  54. National Loans Act 1968 (c.13)
  55. 30Paragraph 30
  56. Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968 (c.49)
  57. 31Paragraph 31
  58. 32Paragraph 32
  59. Taxes Management Act 1970 (c.9)
  60. 33Paragraph 33 Repealed
  61. 34Paragraph 34 Repealed
  62. Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1971 (c.58)
  63. 35Paragraph 35
  64. Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978 (c.28)
  65. 36Paragraph 36 Repealed
  66. Matrimonial Homes (Family Protection) (Scotland) Act 1981 (c.59)
  67. 37Paragraph 37
  68. Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 (c.27)
  69. 38Paragraph 38
  70. Companies Act 1985 (c.6)
  71. 39Paragraph 39 Repealed
  72. Family Law (Scotland) Act 1985 (c.37)
  73. 40Paragraph 40
  74. Law Reform (Parent and Child) (Scotland) Act 1986 (c.9)
  75. 41Paragraph 41
  76. 42Paragraph 42
  77. 43Paragraph 43
  78. Family Law Act 1986 (c.55)
  79. 44Paragraph 44
  80. 45Paragraph 45
  81. 46Paragraph 46
  82. 47Paragraph 47
  83. Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 (c.1)
  84. 48Paragraph 48 Repealed
  85. Schedule 2REPEALS

1Age of legal capacity.

(1)

As from the commencement of this Act—

(a)

a person under the age of 16 years shall, subject to section 2 below, have no legal capacity to enter into any transaction;

(b)

a person of or over the age of 16 years shall have legal capacity to enter into any transaction.

(2)

Subject to section 8 below, any reference in any enactment to a pupil (other than in the context of education or training) or to a person under legal disability or incapacity by reason of nonage shall, insofar as it relates to any time after the commencement of this Act, be construed as a reference to a person under the age of 16 years.

(3)

Nothing in this Act shall—

(a)

apply to any transaction entered into before the commencement of this Act;

(b)

confer any legal capacity on any person who is under legal disability or incapacity other than by reason of nonage;

(c)

affect the delictual or criminal responsibility of any person;

(d)

affect any enactment which lays down an age limit expressed in years for any particular purpose;

(e)

prevent any person under the age of 16 years from receiving or holding any right, title or interest;

(f)

affect any existing rule of law or practice whereby—

(i)

any civil proceedings may be brought or defended, or any step in civil proceedings may be taken, in the name of a person under the age of 16 years F1in relation to whom there is no person entitled to act as his legal representative (within the meaning of Part I of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995), or where there is such a person is unable (whether by reason of conflict of interest or otherwise) or refuses to bring or defend such proceedings or take such step;

(ii)

the court may, in any civil proceedings, appoint a curator ad litem to a person under the age of 16 years;

(iii)

the court may, in relation to the approval of an arrangement under section 1 of the M1Trusts (Scotland) Act 1961, appoint a curator ad litem to a person of or over the age of 16 years but under the age of 18 years;

(iv)

the court may appoint a curator bonis to any person;

(g)

prevent any person under the age of 16 years from F2exercising parental responsibilities and parental rights (within the meaning of sections 1(3) and 2(4) respectively of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995) in relation to any child of his.

(4)

Any existing rule of law relating to the legal capacity of minors and pupils which is inconsistent with the provisions of this Act shall cease to have effect.

(5)

Any existing rule of law relating to reduction of a transaction on the ground of minority and lesion shall cease to have effect.

2Exceptions to general rule.

(1)

A person under the age of 16 years shall have legal capacity to enter into a transaction—

(a)

of a kind commonly entered into by persons of his age and circumstances, and

(b)

on terms which are not unreasonable.

(2)

A person of or over the age of 12 years shall have testamentary capacity, including legal capacity to exercise by testamentary writing any power of appointment.

(3)

A person of or over the age of 12 years shall have legal capacity to consent to the making of an adoption order in relation to himF1...

(4)

A person under the age of 16 years shall have legal capacity to consent on his own behalf to any surgical, medical or dental procedure or treatment where, in the opinion of a qualified medical practitioner attending him, he is capable of understanding the nature and possible consequences of the procedure or treatment.

F2(4ZA)

For the purposes of subsection (4), the storage of gametes in accordance with the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 is to be treated as a medical procedure.

(4ZB)

A person under the age of 16 years shall have legal capacity to consent to the use of the person's human cells in accordance with Schedule 3 to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 for the purposes of a project of research where the person is capable of understanding the nature of the research; and in this subsection “ human cells ” has the same meaning as in that Schedule.

F3( 4A )

A person under the age of sixteen years shall have legal capacity to instruct a solicitor, in connection with any civil matter, where that person has a general understanding of what it means to do so; and without prejudice to the generality of this subsection a person twelve years of age or more shall be presumed to be of sufficient age and maturity to have such understanding.

(4B)

A person who by virtue of subsection (4A) above has legal capacity to instruct a solicitor shall also have legal capacity to sue, or to defend, in any civil proceedings.

(4C)

Subsections (4A) and (4B) above are without prejudice to any question of legal capacity arising in connection with any criminal matter.

(5)

Any transaction—

(a)

which a person under the age of 16 years purports to enter into after the commencement of this Act, and

(b)

in relation to which that person does not have legal capacity by virtue of this section,

shall be void.

3Setting aside of transactions.

(1)

A person under the age of 21 years (“the applicant”) may make application to the court to set aside a transaction which he entered into while he was of or over the age of 16 years but under the age of 18 years and which is a prejudicial transaction.

(2)

In this section “prejudicial transaction” means a transaction which—

(a)

an adult, exercising reasonable prudence, would not have entered into in the circumstances of the applicant at the time of entering into the transaction, and

(b)

has caused or is likely to cause substantial prejudice to the applicant.

(3)

Subsection (1) above shall not apply to—

(a)

the exercise of testamentary capacity;

(b)

the exercise by testamentary writing of any power of appointment;

(c)

the giving of consent to the making of an adoption order;

(d)

the bringing or defending of, or the taking of any step in, civil proceedings;

(e)

the giving of consent to any surgical, medical or dental procedure or treatment;

(f)

a transaction in the course of the applicant’s trade, business or profession;

(g)

a transaction into which any other party was induced to enter by virtue of any fraudulent misrepresentation by the applicant as to age or other material fact;

(h)

a transaction ratified by the applicant after he attained the age of 18 years and in the knowledge that it could be the subject of an application to the court under this section to set it aside; or

(j)

a transaction ratified by the court under section 4 below.

(4)

Where an application to set aside a transaction can be made or could have been made under this section by the person referred to in subsection (1) above, such application may instead be made by that person’s executor, trustee in bankruptcy, trustee acting under a trust deed for creditors or curator bonis at any time prior to the date on which that person attains or would have attained the age of 21 years.

(5)

An application under this section to set aside a transaction may be made—

(a)

by an action in the Court of Session or the sheriff court, or

(b)

by an incidental application in other proceedings in such court,

and the court may make an order setting aside the transaction and such further order, if any, as seems appropriate to the court in order to give effect to the rights of the parties.

4Ratification by court of proposed transaction.

(1)

Where a person of or over the age of 16 years but under the age of 18 years proposes to enter into a transaction which, if completed, could be the subject of an application to the court under section 3 above to set aside, all parties to the proposed transaction may make a joint application to have it ratified by the court.

(2)

The court shall not grant an application under this section if it appears to the court that an adult, exercising reasonable prudence and in the circumstances of the person referred to in subsection (1) above, would not enter into the transaction.

(3)

An application under this section shall be made by means of a summary application—

(a)

to the sheriff of the sheriffdom in which any of the parties to the proposed transaction resides, or

(b)

where none of the said parties resides in Scotland, to the sheriff at Edinburgh,

and the decision of the sheriff on such application shall be final.

5Guardians of persons under 16.

(1)

Except insofar as otherwise provided in Schedule 1 to this Act, as from the commencement of this Act any reference in any rule of law, enactment or document to the tutor F1. . . of a pupil child shall be construed as a reference to F2a person entitled to act as a child’s legal representative (within the meaning of Part I of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995), and any reference to the tutory of such a child shall be construed as a reference to the entitlement to act as a child’s legal representative enjoyed by a person by, under or by virtue of the said Part I.

(2)

Subject to section 1(3)(f) above, as from the commencement of this Act no guardian of a person under the age of 16 years shall be appointed as such except under F3section 7 of the Children (Scotland) Act 1995.

(3)

As from the commencement of this Act, no person shall, by reason of age alone, be subject to the curatory of another person.

(4)

As from the commencement of this Act, no person shall be appointed as factor loco tutoris.

6Attainment of age.

(1)

The time at which a person attains a particular age expressed in years shall be taken to be the beginning of the relevant anniversary of the date of his birth.

(2)

Where a person has been born on 29th February in a leap year, the relevant anniversary in any year other than a leap year shall be taken to be 1st March.

(3)

The provisions of this section shall apply only to a relevant anniversary which occurs after the commencement of this Act.

7Acquisition of domicile.F1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8Transitional provision.

Where any person referred to in section 6(4)(b), 17(3), 18(3) or 18A(2) of the M1Prescription and Limitation (Scotland) Act 1973 as having been under legal disability by reason of nonage was of or over the age of 16 years but under the age of 18 years immediately before the commencement of this Act, any period prior to such commencement shall not be reckoned as, or as part of, the period of 5 years, or (as the case may be) 3 years, specified respectively in section 6, 17, 18 or 18A of that Act.

9Interpretation.

In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires—

  • “existing” means existing immediately before the commencement of this Act;

  • F1. . .

  • “transaction” means a transaction having legal effect, and includes—

    1. (a)

      any unilateral transaction;

    2. (b)

      the exercise of testamentary capacity;

    3. (c)

      the exercise of any power of appointment;

    4. (d)

      the giving by a person of any consent having legal effect;

    5. (e)

      the bringing or defending of, or the taking of any step in, civil proceedings;

    6. (f)

      acting as arbiter or trustee;

    7. (g)

      acting as an instrumentary witness.

10Amendments and repeals.

(1)

The enactments mentioned in Schedule 1 to this Act shall have effect subject to the amendments therein specified.

(2)

The enactments specified in Schedule 2 to this Act are repealed to the extent specified in the third column of that Schedule.

11Short title, commencement and extent.

(1)

This Act may be cited as the Age of Legal Capacity (Scotland) Act 1991.

(2)

This Act shall come into force at the end of the period of two months beginning with the date on which it is passed.

(3)

This Act shall extend to Scotland only.

1

In section 15, for the words “persons within the age of twenty-one years” substitute the words “or, being persons under legal disability by reason of nonage”; and for the words “come and be at the age of twenty-one years” substitute the words “cease to be under legal disability by reason of nonage or come and be”.

2

In section 27, for the words “infancy or” substitute the words “persons under legal disability by reason of nonage or of”.

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6

In section 70, for the word “infancy” substitute the words “legal disability by reason of nonage”.

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16

In section 18, for the words “an infant or infants, or a minor or minors” substitute the words “a person under legal disability by reason of nonage”.

17

In section 24, for the words “infants, minors” substitute the words “persons under legal disability by reason of nonage”.

18

In section 68, for the word “infant” substitute the words “person under legal disability by reason of nonage”.

19

In section 24, for the words “pupil, minor” wherever they occur substitute the words “person under legal disability by reason of nonage”.

20

In section 62, for the words “in nonage” substitute the words “under legal disability by reason of nonage”.

21

In section 119, for the words “of full age, or in pupillarity or minority, or although he should be subject to any legal incapacity” substitute the words “subject to any legal incapacity or not”.

22

In section 26 (definitions) after the definition of “colony” there shall be inserted—

“The expression “infant”, in relation to Scotland, means a person under legal disability by reason of nonage, and the expression “infancy” shall be construed accordingly:”

23

In section 13, for the words “in pupillarity or minority, or subject to any legal incapacity” substitute the words “subject to any legal disability by reason of nonage or otherwise”; and after the word “curators,” insert the word “guardians”.

24

In section 55(1), for the word “infancy” substitute the words “legal disability by reason of nonage”.

25

In section 2, in the definitions of “trust” and “trust deed”, after the word “curator” insert the word “guardian”, and, in the definition of “trustee”, for the words from “tutor” to “curator” substitute the words “tutor, curator, guardian (including a father or mother acting as guardian of a child under the age of 16 years)”.

26

In section 41(1), for the words from “in pupillarity” to “incapacity” substitute the words “subject to any legal disability by reason of nonage or otherwise”.

27

In section 1, in subsection (1)(a) after the word “who” insert the words “because of any legal disability”, and, in subsection (2), for the words “over the age of pupillarity” substitute the words “of or over the age of 16 years”.

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29

In section 43(10), for the words “tutor or curator” substitute the word “guardian”.

30

In section 14(5)(a), for the words from “of unsound” to “disability” substitute the words “under legal disability by reason of nonage or otherwise”.

31

In section 16(11)(c), for the words “tutor or curator” substitute the word “guardian”.

32

In section 18(4), for the words “tutor or curator of an infant” substitute the words “guardian of a child”.

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35

In section 37(2A), for the words “tutory, curatory” substitute the word “guardianship”.

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37

In section 7(1)(d), for the words “a minor” substitute the words “under legal disability by reason of nonage”.

38

In Schedule 9, in paragraph 3 for the words “tutory and curatory” substitute the words “ guardianship of children ”.

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40

In section 2(4)(c)(i), for the words “father or mother” substitute the words “parent or guardian”.

41

For section 4 substitute the following section—

“ Power of parent to appoint guardian.

4

The parent of a child may appoint any person to be guardian of the child after his death, but any such appointment shall be of no effect unless—

(a)

the appointment is in writing and signed by the parent; and

(b)

the parent at the time of his death was guardian of the child or would have been such guardian if he had survived until after the birth of the child.”

42

In section 6(2), for the words “pupil child” substitute the words “child under the age of 16 years”; and for the word “tutor” substitute the word “guardian”.

43

In section 8, in paragraph (a) of the definition of “child” after the words “in relation to” insert the word “guardianship,” and in paragraph (d) for the words from “custody” to “curatory” substitute the words “guardianship, custody or access”; and in the definition of “parental rights” for the words “tutory, curatory” substitute the word “guardianship”.

44

In section 1(1)(b)(ix), for the words “tutory or curatory” substitute the word “guardianship”.

45

In section 16, in subsections (1) and (4) for the words “tutory or curatory” substitute the word “guardianship” and for the words “pupil or minor” substitute the word “child”; and in subsection (2) for the words “factor loco tutoris” substitute the words “judicial factor”.

46

In section 18(2), for the words “tutory or curatory of a pupil or minor” substitute the words “guardianship of a child”.

47

In section 35(4)(b), for the words “tutor or curator” substitute the word “guardian”.

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Schedule 2REPEALS

ChapterShort titleExtent of repeal
1474 c. 6.The Tutors Act 1474. The whole Act.
1672 c. 2.The Tutors and Curators Act 1672.The whole Act.
1681 c. 85.The Oaths of Minors Act 1681.The whole Act.
1696 c. 8.The Tutors and Curators Act 1696.The whole Act.
12 & 13 Vict. c. 51.The Judicial Factors Act 1849.In section 1, the words “factor loco tutoris”, “to any pupil” where first occurring and “pupil or” where second occurring.In section 25(1), the words “to any pupil” where first occurring and “pupil or” where second occurring.In section 26, the words “to a pupil” and “pupils or”.Section 30.In section 31, the words “loco tutoris”.
31 & 32 Vict. c.101.The Titles to Land Consolidation (Scotland) Act 1868.In section 3, the words “factors loco tutoris”.In section 119, the words “whether of full age or in pupillarity or minority, or”.In section 121, the words “in pupillarity or minority or”.Section 139.
43 & 44 Vict. c. 4.The Judicial Factors (Scotland) Act 1880.In section 3, the words “a factor loco tutoris”.
52 & 53 Vict. c. 39.The Judicial Factors (Scotland) Act 1889.Section 11.
55 & 56 Vict. c. 4.The Betting and Loans (Infants) Act 1892.The whole Act.
23 & 24 Geo.5 c. 41.The Administration of Justice (Scotland) Act 1933.Section 12.
12, 13 & 14 Geo.6 c.75.The Agricultural Holdings (Scotland) Act 1949.In section 84, the words “a pupil or a minor or is”.
9 & 10 Eliz.2 c. 57.The Trusts (Scotland) Act 1961.In section 1, in subsection (2) the words “(whether acting with the concurrence of a curator, administrator-at-law, or other guardian or not)” and subsection (3).
1964 c. 41.The Succession (Scotland) Act 1964.Section 28.
1965 c. 49.The Registration of Births, Deaths and Marriages (Scotland) Act 1965.In section 20(3), paragraph (b).In section 43, in subsections (5), (6) and (7) the words from “and under” to “over eighteen years of age”.In section 56(1), the definitions of “guardian” and “tutor or curator”.
1968 c. 49.The Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968.In section 94(1), in the definition of “guardian” the words “tutor, curator or”.
1973 c. 29.The Guardianship Act 1973.In section 13(1), the definition of “guardian”.
1974 c. 39.The Consumer Credit Act 1974.In section 189(1), the definition of “minor”.
1974 c. 53.The Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974.In section 7(2), the words “including a pupil child”.
1975 c. 45.The Finance (No. 2) Act 1975.In section 73(5), the words “pupil or”.
1975 c. 72.The Children Act 1975.In section 47(2), the words “tutor, curator” in each place where they occur.
1978 c. 28.The Adoption (Scotland) Act 1978.In section 12(3)(a)(ii), the words “tutor, curator or other”.
1979 c. 54.The Sale of Goods Act 1979.In section 3, in subsection (2) the words “to a minor or” and in subsection (3) the words “minor or other”.
1982 c. 50.The Insurance Companies Act 1982.In section 7(8), the definition of “minor” in relation to Scotland.In section 31(7), the definition of “minor” in relation to Scotland.
1984 c. 37.The Child Abduction Act 1984.In section 6(7), the words from “a tutor” to “1986 or”.
1985 c. 37.The Family Law (Scotland) Act 1985.In section 2(4), in paragraph (b) the words “or the curator of a minor who is an incapax” and in paragraph (c) head (ii).
1986 c. 9.The Law Reform (Parent and Child) (Scotland) Act 1986.Section 3(3).In section 8, in the definition of “child” paragraphs (b) and (c), and the definitions of “curator” and “tutor”.In Schedule 1, in paragraph 9 in sub-paragraph (2) the words from “and for” to the end, and in sub-paragraph (6) the words from “for the words” where first occurring to “and”; and paragraphs 11, 12, 14(1)(b) and 20(b).
1986 c. 33.The Disabled Persons (Services, Consultation and Representation) Act 1986.In section 16, in paragraph (b) of the definition of “guardian” the words “tutor, curator or”.