Section 104K Redundancy: replacement of employees with people who are not employeesF1

(1)

An employee who is dismissed is to be regarded for the purposes of this Part as unfairly dismissed if—

(a)

the employee was employed for the purposes of a business carried on by the employer, and

(b)

the reason (or, if more than one, the principal reason) for the dismissal is to enable the employer to replace the employee with an individual who is not an employee of the employer.

(2)

For the purposes of this section—

(a)

an employer replaces an employee with an individual who is not an employee of the employer if (and only if)—

(i)

the individual, or the individual taken together with one or more employees of the employer or other individuals, is to carry out activities, in pursuance of a relevant contract, for the purposes of the employer’s business,

(ii)

those activities are the same, or substantially the same, activities as the employee, or the employee taken together with one or more other employees of the employer, carried out before being dismissed, and

(iii)

the employee’s dismissal is not wholly or mainly attributable to the fact that the requirements of the employer’s business for those activities to be carried out have ceased or diminished or are expected to cease or diminish;

and any reference in this section to replacing an employee is to be read accordingly;

(b)

a reference to replacing an employee with an individual who is not an employee of the employer includes the case where the individual is the one who has been dismissed;

(c)

“relevant contract”, in relation to an employer, means a contract, other than a contract of employment, to which the employer is a party (whether or not the individual carrying out activities in pursuance of the contract is a party to it).

(3)

Subsection (1) does not apply in relation to an employee if on the effective date of termination the employee has not yet started work.

(4)

In the case of an employer that is not a local authority, subsection (1) does not apply in relation to an employee if the employer shows that—

(a)

the reason for the replacement was to eliminate, prevent or significantly reduce, or significantly mitigate the effect of, any financial difficulties which at the time of the dismissal were affecting, or were likely in the immediate future to affect—

(i)

the employer’s ability to carry on the business as a going concern, or

(ii)

where the employer is a public sector employer, the financial sustainability of carrying out the employer’s statutory functions, and

(b)

in all the circumstances the employer could not reasonably have avoided the need to replace the employee.

(5)

In the case of an employer that is a local authority, subsection (1) does not apply in relation to an employee if—

(a)

at the time of the dismissal, a relevant intervention direction has effect in relation to the authority,

(b)

the relevant intervention direction—

(i)

specifies that the reason, or one of the reasons, for the giving of the direction is that the authority is undergoing financial difficulties, and

(ii)

contains provision relating to the financial management or financial governance of the authority, and

(c)

the authority shows that—

(i)

the reason for the replacement was to eliminate or significantly reduce, or significantly mitigate the effect of, any of the financial difficulties referred to in paragraph (b)(i), and

(ii)

in all the circumstances the authority could not reasonably have avoided the need to replace the employee.

(6)

In determining whether—

(a)

in the case of a public sector employer (other than a local authority), subsection (4)(b) is met, or

(b)

in the case of a local authority, subsection (5)(c)(ii) is met,

an employment tribunal must apply the same principles as would be applied by a court on an application for judicial review.

(7)

Where the employer shows that the conditions in paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (4) are met, or (where the employer is a local authority) the conditions in paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) of subsection (5) are met, the matters that must be considered in determining the question whether the dismissal is fair or unfair include the following—

(a)

any consultation carried out by the employer with the employee about replacing the employee;

(b)

if the employee is of a description in respect of which an independent trade union is recognised by the employer, any consultation carried out by the employer with that trade union;

(c)

if the employee is not of a description in respect of which an independent trade union is recognised by the employer, any consultation carried out by the employer with any other person representing the interests of the employee that, at the time of the dismissal, had authority to receive information and to be consulted about the dismissal on the employee’s behalf;

(d)

any matters specified for the purposes of this subsection in regulations made by the Secretary of State.

(8)

In this section—

“contract” means a contract whether express or implied and (if it is express) whether oral or in writing;
“English local authority” means—
1. (a)
  a county council or district council in England;
2. (b)
  a London borough council;
3. (c)
  the Greater London Authority;
4. (d)
  the Council of the Isles of Scilly;
5. (e)
  the Common Council of the City of London in its capacity as a local authority, a police authority or a port health authority;
6. (f)
  a combined authority established under section 103 of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009;
7. (g)
  a combined county authority established under section 9(1) of the Levelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023;
“local authority” means—
1. (a)
  an English local authority,
2. (b)
  a Welsh local authority, or
3. (c)
  a Scottish local authority;
“public sector employer” means a person that—
1. (a)
  is wholly or mainly funded from public funds,
2. (b)
  is under a statutory duty to carry out any functions of a public nature, and
3. (c)
  so far as carrying out those functions, does not operate on a commercial basis;
“recognised”, in relation to a trade union, has the same meaning as in the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (see section 178 of that Act);
“relevant intervention direction” means—
1. (a)
  in the case of an English local authority, a direction under section 15(5) or (6)(a) of the Local Government Act 1999 (powers to deal with failure to comply with duties relating to best value authorities);
2. (b)
  in the case of a Welsh local authority, a direction under section 106 or 107 of the Local Government and Elections (Wales) Act 2021 (asc 1) (intervention powers of Welsh Ministers);
3. (c)
  in the case of a Scottish local authority, an enforcement direction under section 24 of the Local Government in Scotland Act 2003 (asp 1) relating wholly or partly to a failure of the authority to comply with its duties under section 1 of that Act (local authorities’ duty to secure best value);
“Scottish local authority” means a council constituted under section 2 of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994;
“statutory duty” means a duty imposed by or under any enactment, including—
1. (a)
  a Measure or Act of the National Assembly for Wales or an Act of Senedd Cymru, and
2. (b)
  an Act of the Scottish Parliament;
“statutory functions”, in relation to a public sector employer, means functions of a public nature which the employer is under a statutory duty to carry out;
“Welsh local authority” means—
1. (a)
  a county council or county borough council in Wales;
2. (b)
  a corporate joint committee established under Part 5 of the Local Government and Elections (Wales) Act 2021.

(9)

The reference in subsection (5)(a) to a relevant intervention direction includes a relevant intervention direction given before the day on which the Employment Rights Act 2025 was passed.

Annotations

Textual amendments

F1: Ss. 104I-104K inserted (6.1.2026 for specified purposes, 6.4.2026 for specified purposes) by Employment Rights Act 2025 (c. 36), ss. 28(3), 159(3); S.I. 2026/3, reg. 2(13)(b); S.I. 2026/323, reg. 3(1)(5)(b)

Notes on the whole Act

Textual amendments

F1: Part 2B heading and s. 27C inserted (E.W.S.) (31.7.2023 for specified purposes, 1.10.2024 in so far as not already in force) by Employment (Allocation of Tips) Act 2023 (c. 13), ss. 1, 14(2); S.I. 2023/876, reg. 3(a); S.I. 2024/829, reg. 3(a)

Notes on Part X

Modifications

C1

Ss. 66-68, 70-71, 92-93, Pt. 10 (ss. 94-134) modified (E.W.) (2.3.1998) by S.I. 1998/218, art. 3, Sch.

Pt. 10 (ss. 94-134) applied (with modifications) (E.W.) by S.I. 1998/218, art. 4(b)

Pt. 10 (ss. 94-134) modified (1.1.1999) by 1998 Measure No. 1, s. 6(1), Sch. 3 para. 3(1)(2); Instrument dated 14.10.1998 made by the Archbishops of Canterbury and York

Pt. 10 (ss. 94-134) modified (6.6.2000) by 1992 c. 52, s. 70A, Sch. A1 para. 161(1), 162 (as inserted (6.6.2000) by 1999 c. 26, s. 1, Sch. 1; S.I. 2000/1338, art. 2(a))

Pt. 10 (ss. 94-134) modified (4.9.2000) by 1999 c. 26, ss. 12(3)(6), (with ss. 14, 15); S.I. 2000/2242, art. 2(1)

Pt. 10 (ss. 94-134) modified (24.4.2000) by 1992 c. 52, s. 238A(2) (as inserted (24.4.2000) by 1999 c. 26, ss. 16, Sch. 5 para. 3; S.I. 2000/875, art. 2 (with transitional provision in art. 3))

Pt. 10 (ss. 94-134) modified (E.W.) (1.9.1999) by S.I. 1999/2256, arts. 3, 4(b), Sch.

C2