Division Applicability

United Kingdom

Generally applicable to new plants.

Applicable to existing plants within the constraints associated with the configuration of the water collection system.

BAT 33. In order to reduce water usage and to prevent or reduce the generation of waste water from the incineration plant, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.

	Technique	Description	Applicability
(a)	Waste-water-free FGC techniques	Use of FGC techniques that do not generate waste water (e.g. dry sorbent injection or semi-wet absorber, see Section 2.2).	May not be applicable to the incineration of hazardous waste with a high halogen content.
(b)	Injection of waste water from FGC	Waste water from FGC is injected into the hotter parts of the FGC system.	Only applicable to the incineration of municipal solid waste.
(c)	Water reuse/recycling	Residual aqueous streams are reused or recycled. The degree of reuse/recycling is limited by the quality requirements of the process to which the water is directed.	Generally applicable.
(d)	Dry bottom ash handling	Dry, hot bottom ash falls from the grate onto a transport system and is cooled down by ambient air. No water is used in the process.	Only applicable to grate furnaces. There may be technical restrictions that prevent retrofitting to existing incineration plants.

BAT 34. In order to reduce emissions to water from FGC and/or from the storage and treatment of slags and bottom ashes, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below, and to use secondary techniques as close as possible to the source in order to avoid dilution.

	Technique	Typical pollutants targeted
The descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 2.3.
Primary techniques
(a)	Optimisation of the incineration process (see BAT 14) and/or of the FGC system (e.g. SNCR/SCR, see BAT 29(f))	Organic compounds including PCDD/F, ammonia/ammonium
Secondary techniques^f1
Preliminary and primary treatment
(b)	Equalisation	All pollutants
(c)	Neutralisation	Acids, alkalis
(d)	Physical separation, e.g. screens, sieves, grit separators, primary settlement tanks	Gross solids, suspended solids
Physico-chemical treatment
(e)	Adsorption on activated carbon	Organic compounds including PCDD/F, mercury
(f)	Precipitation	Dissolved metals/metalloids, sulphate
(g)	Oxidation	Sulphide, sulphite, organic compounds
(h)	Ion exchange	Dissolved metals/metalloids
(i)	Stripping	Purgeable pollutants (e.g. ammonia/ammonium)
(j)	Reverse osmosis	Ammonia/ammonium, metals/metalloids, sulphate, chloride, organic compounds
Final solids removal
(k)	Coagulation and flocculation	Suspended solids, particulate-bound metals/metalloids
(l)	Sedimentation
(m)	Filtration
(n)	Flotation

Table 9

BAT-AELs for direct emissions to a receiving water body

Parameter		Process	Unit	BAT-AEL^f2
The averaging periods are defined in the General considerations.
Total suspended solids (TSS)		FGC Bottom ash treatment	mg/l	10–30
Total organic carbon (TOC)		FGC Bottom ash treatment		15–40
Metals and metalloids	As	FGC		0,01–0,05
	Cd	FGC		0,005–0,03
	Cr	FGC		0,01–0,1
	Cu	FGC		0,03–0,15
	Hg	FGC		0,001–0,01
	Ni	FGC		0,03–0,15
	Pb	FGC Bottom ash treatment		0,02–0,06
	Sb	FGC		0,02–0,9
	Tl	FGC		0,005–0,03
	Zn	FGC		0,01–0,5
Ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄-N)		Bottom ash treatment		10–30
Sulphate (SO₄ ^2-)		Bottom ash treatment		400–1 000
PCDD/F		FGC	ng I-TEQ/l	0,01–0,05

The associated monitoring is in BAT 6.

Table 10

BAT-AELs for indirect emissions to a receiving water body

Parameter		Process	Unit	BAT-AEL ^f3 ^f4
The averaging periods are defined in the General considerations.
The BAT-AELs may not apply if the downstream waste water treatment plant is designed and equipped appropriately to abate the pollutants concerned, provided this does not lead to a higher level of pollution in the environment.
Metals and metalloids	As	FGC	mg/l	0,01–0,05
	Cd	FGC		0,005–0,03
	Cr	FGC		0,01–0,1
	Cu	FGC		0,03–0,15
	Hg	FGC		0,001–0,01
	Ni	FGC		0,03–0,15
	Pb	FGC Bottom ash treatment		0,02–0,06
	Sb	FGC		0,02–0,9
	Tl	FGC		0,005–0,03
	Zn	FGC		0,01–0,5
PCDD/F		FGC	ng I-TEQ/l	0,01–0,05

The associated monitoring is in BAT 6.

Annotations

Footnotes

f1: The descriptions of the techniques are given in Section 2.3.
f2: The averaging periods are defined in the General considerations.
f3: The averaging periods are defined in the General considerations.
f4: The BAT-AELs may not apply if the downstream waste water treatment plant is designed and equipped appropriately to abate the pollutants concerned, provided this does not lead to a higher level of pollution in the environment.