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Division 1 Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of transport fuels, biofuels and bioliquids shall be calculated as follows:

United Kingdom

Original text. Later amendments are not shown.

  1. (a)

    greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of biofuels shall be calculated as:

    E = eec + el + ep + etd + eu – esca – eccs – eccr,

    where

    E=total emissions from the use of the fuel;
    eec =emissions from the extraction or cultivation of raw materials;
    el =annualised emissions from carbon stock changes caused by land-use change;
    ep =emissions from processing;
    etd =emissions from transport and distribution;
    eu =emissions from the fuel in use;
    esca =emission savings from soil carbon accumulation via improved agricultural management;
    eccs =emission savings from CO2 capture and geological storage; and
    eccr =emission savings from CO2 capture and replacement.

    Emissions from the manufacture of machinery and equipment shall not be taken into account.

  2. (b)

    Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of bioliquids shall be calculated as for biofuels (E), but with the extension necessary for including the energy conversion to electricity and/or heat and cooling produced, as follows:

    1. (i)

      For energy installations delivering only heat:

      EC h = E η h
    2. (ii)

      For energy installations delivering only electricity:

      EC el = E η el

      where

      ECh,el

    3. Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.

      4. E

    4. Total greenhouse gas emissions of the bioliquid before end-conversion.

      5. ηel

    5. The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual bioliquid input based on its energy content.

      6. ηh

    6. The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual bioliquid input based on its energy content.

  3. (iii)

    For the electricity or mechanical energy coming from energy installations delivering useful heat together with electricity and/or mechanical energy:

    EC el = E η el C el × η el C el × η el + C h × η h
  4. (iv)

    For the useful heat coming from energy installations delivering heat together with electricity and/or mechanical energy:

    EC h = E η h C h × η h C el × η el + C h × η h

    where:

    ECh,el

  5. Total greenhouse gas emissions from the final energy commodity.

    6. E

  6. Total greenhouse gas emissions of the bioliquid before end-conversion.

    7. ηel

  7. The electrical efficiency, defined as the annual electricity produced divided by the annual fuel input based on its energy content.

    8. ηh

  8. The heat efficiency, defined as the annual useful heat output divided by the annual fuel input based on its energy content.

    9. Cel

  9. Fraction of exergy in the electricity, and/or mechanical energy, set to 100 % (Cel = 1).

    10. Ch

  10. Carnot efficiency (fraction of exergy in the useful heat).

The Carnot efficiency, Ch, for useful heat at different temperatures is defined as:

C h = T h − T 0 T h

where

Th

  • Temperature, measured in absolute temperature (kelvin) of the useful heat at point of delivery.

    • T0

  • Temperature of surroundings, set at 273,15 kelvin (equal to 0 °C)

    • If the excess heat is exported for heating of buildings, at a temperature below 150 °C (423,15 kelvin), Ch can alternatively be defined as follows:

    Ch

  • Carnot efficiency in heat at 150 °C (423,15 kelvin), which is: 0,3546

    • For the purposes of that calculation, the following definitions apply:

    1. (a)

      ‘cogeneration’ means the simultaneous generation in one process of thermal energy and electricity and/or mechanical energy;

    2. (b)

      ‘useful heat’ means heat generated to satisfy an economical justifiable demand for heat, for heating and cooling purposes;

    3. (c)

      ‘economically justifiable demand’ means the demand that does not exceed the needs for heat or cooling and which would otherwise be satisfied at market conditions.