Division A Typical and default values of greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomass fuels if produced with no net-carbon emissions from land-use change
United Kingdom
| WOODCHIPS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomass fuel production system | Transport distance | Greenhouse gas emissions savings –typical value | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value | ||
| Heat | Electricity | Heat | Electricity | ||
| Woodchips from forest residues | 1 to 500 km | 93 % | 89 % | 91 % | 87 % |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 89 % | 84 % | 87 % | 81 % | |
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 82 % | 73 % | 78 % | 67 % | |
| Above 10 000 km | 67 % | 51 % | 60 % | 41 % | |
| Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus) | 2 500 to 10 000 km | 77 % | 65 % | 73 % | 60 % |
| Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised) | 1 to 500 km | 89 % | 83 % | 87 % | 81 % |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 85 % | 78 % | 84 % | 76 % | |
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 78 % | 67 % | 74 % | 62 % | |
| Above 10 000 km | 63 % | 45 % | 57 % | 35 % | |
| Woodchips from short rotation coppice (Poplar – No fertilisation) | 1 to 500 km | 91 % | 87 % | 90 % | 85 % |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 88 % | 82 % | 86 % | 79 % | |
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 80 % | 70 % | 77 % | 65 % | |
| Above 10 000 km | 65 % | 48 % | 59 % | 39 % | |
| Woodchips from stemwood | 1 to 500 km | 93 % | 89 % | 92 % | 88 % |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 90 % | 85 % | 88 % | 82 % | |
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 82 % | 73 % | 79 % | 68 % | |
| Above 10 000 km | 67 % | 51 % | 61 % | 42 % | |
| Woodchips from industry residues | 1 to 500 km | 94 % | 92 % | 93 % | 90 % |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 91 % | 87 % | 90 % | 85 % | |
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 83 % | 75 % | 80 % | 71 % | |
| Above 10 000 km | 69 % | 54 % | 63 % | 44 % | |
| Case 1 refers to processes in which a natural gas boiler is used to provide the process heat to the pellet mill. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid; Case 2a refers to processes in which a woodchips boiler, fed with pre-dried chips, is used to provide process heat. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid; Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fed with pre-dried woodchips, is used to provide electricity and heat to the pellet mill. | ||||||
| WOOD PELLETSf1 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomass fuel production system | Transport distance | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value | |||
| Heat | Electricity | Heat | Electricity | |||
| Wood briquettes or pellets from forest residues | Case 1 | 1 to 500 km | 58 % | 37 % | 49 % | 24 % |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 58 % | 37 % | 49 % | 25 % | ||
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 55 % | 34 % | 47 % | 21 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 50 % | 26 % | 40 % | 11 % | ||
| Case 2a | 1 to 500 km | 77 % | 66 % | 72 % | 59 % | |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 77 % | 66 % | 72 % | 59 % | ||
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 75 % | 62 % | 70 % | 55 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 69 % | 54 % | 63 % | 45 % | ||
| Case 3a | 1 to 500 km | 92 % | 88 % | 90 % | 85 % | |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 92 % | 88 % | 90 % | 86 % | ||
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 90 % | 85 % | 88 % | 81 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 84 % | 76 % | 81 % | 72 % | ||
| Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Eucalyptus) | Case 1 | 2 500 to 10 000 km | 52 % | 28 % | 43 % | 15 % |
| Case 2a | 2 500 to 10 000 km | 70 % | 56 % | 66 % | 49 % | |
| Case 3a | 2 500 to 10 000 km | 85 % | 78 % | 83 % | 75 % | |
| Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – Fertilised) | Case 1 | 1 to 500 km | 54 % | 32 % | 46 % | 20 % |
| 500 to 10 000 km | 52 % | 29 % | 44 % | 16 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 47 % | 21 % | 37 % | 7 % | ||
| Case 2a | 1 to 500 km | 73 % | 60 % | 69 % | 54 % | |
| 500 to 10 000 km | 71 % | 57 % | 67 % | 50 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 66 % | 49 % | 60 % | 41 % | ||
| Case 3a | 1 to 500 km | 88 % | 82 % | 87 % | 81 % | |
| 500 to 10 000 km | 86 % | 79 % | 84 % | 77 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 80 % | 71 % | 78 % | 67 % | ||
| Wood briquettes or pellets from short rotation coppice (Poplar – No fertilisation) | Case 1 | 1 to 500 km | 56 % | 35 % | 48 % | 23 % |
| 500 to 10 000 km | 54 % | 32 % | 46 % | 20 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 49 % | 24 % | 40 % | 10 % | ||
| Case 2a | 1 to 500 km | 76 % | 64 % | 72 % | 58 % | |
| 500 to 10 000 km | 74 % | 61 % | 69 % | 54 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 68 % | 53 % | 63 % | 45 % | ||
| Case 3a | 1 to 500 km | 91 % | 86 % | 90 % | 85 % | |
| 500 to 10 000 km | 89 % | 83 % | 87 % | 81 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 83 % | 75 % | 81 % | 71 % | ||
| Stemwood | Case 1 | 1 to 500 km | 57 % | 37 % | 49 % | 24 % |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 58 % | 37 % | 49 % | 25 % | ||
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 55 % | 34 % | 47 % | 21 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 50 % | 26 % | 40 % | 11 % | ||
| Case 2a | 1 to 500 km | 77 % | 66 % | 73 % | 60 % | |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 77 % | 66 % | 73 % | 60 % | ||
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 75 % | 63 % | 70 % | 56 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 70 % | 55 % | 64 % | 46 % | ||
| Case 3a | 1 to 500 km | 92 % | 88 % | 91 % | 86 % | |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 92 % | 88 % | 91 % | 87 % | ||
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 90 % | 85 % | 88 % | 83 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 84 % | 77 % | 82 % | 73 % | ||
| Wood briquettes or pellets from wood industry residues | Case 1 | 1 to 500 km | 75 % | 62 % | 69 % | 55 % |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 75 % | 62 % | 70 % | 55 % | ||
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 72 % | 59 % | 67 % | 51 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 67 % | 51 % | 61 % | 42 % | ||
| Case 2a | 1 to 500 km | 87 % | 80 % | 84 % | 76 % | |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 87 % | 80 % | 84 % | 77 % | ||
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 85 % | 77 % | 82 % | 73 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 79 % | 69 % | 75 % | 63 % | ||
| Case 3a | 1 to 500 km | 95 % | 93 % | 94 % | 91 % | |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 95 % | 93 % | 94 % | 92 % | ||
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 93 % | 90 % | 92 % | 88 % | ||
| Above 10 000 km | 88 % | 82 % | 85 % | 78 % | ||
| This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises materials such as straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list). | |||||
| The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs, nut shells, soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list). | |||||
| AGRICULTURE PATHWAYS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomass fuel production system | Transport distance | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value | ||
| Heat | Electricity | Heat | Electricity | ||
| Agricultural Residues with density < 0,2 t/m3 f2 | 1 to 500 km | 95 % | 92 % | 93 % | 90 % |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 89 % | 83 % | 86 % | 80 % | |
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 77 % | 66 % | 73 % | 60 % | |
| Above 10 000 km | 57 % | 36 % | 48 % | 23 % | |
| Agricultural Residues with density > 0,2 t/m3 f3 | 1 to 500 km | 95 % | 92 % | 93 % | 90 % |
| 500 to 2 500 km | 93 % | 89 % | 92 % | 87 % | |
| 2 500 to 10 000 km | 88 % | 82 % | 85 % | 78 % | |
| Above 10 000 km | 78 % | 68 % | 74 % | 61 % | |
| Straw pellets | 1 to 500 km | 88 % | 82 % | 85 % | 78 % |
| 500 to 10 000 km | 86 % | 79 % | 83 % | 74 % | |
| Above 10 000 km | 80 % | 70 % | 76 % | 64 % | |
| Bagasse briquettes | 500 to 10 000 km | 93 % | 89 % | 91 % | 87 % |
| Above 10 000 km | 87 % | 81 % | 85 % | 77 % | |
| Palm Kernel Meal | Above 10 000 km | 20 % | -18 % | 11 % | -33 % |
| Palm Kernel Meal (no CH4 emissions from oil mill) | Above 10 000 km | 46 % | 20 % | 42 % | 14 % |
| Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required in the process are supplied by the CHP engine itself. Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by the CHP engine itself. In some Member States, operators are not allowed to claim the gross production for subsidies and case 1 is the more likely configuration. Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by a biogas boiler. This case applies to some installations in which the CHP engine is not on-site and biogas is sold (but not upgraded to biomethane). | ||||
| The values for biogas production from manure include negative emissions for emissions saved from raw manure management. The value of esca considered is equal to – 45 g CO2eq/MJ manure used in anaerobic digestion. | ||||
| Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of CH4 and N2O. The magnitude of those emissions changes with ambient conditions, substrate types and the digestion efficiency. | ||||
| Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in a gas-tight tank and that the additional biogas released during storage is considered to be recovered for production of additional electricity or biomethane. No greenhouse gas emissions are included in that process. | ||||
| Maize whole plant means maize harvested as fodder and ensiled for preservation. | ||||
| BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITYf4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biogas production system | Technological option | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value | |
| Wet manuref5 | Case 1 | Open digestatef6 | 146 % | 94 % |
| Close digestatef7 | 246 % | 240 % | ||
| Case 2 | Open digestate | 136 % | 85 % | |
| Close digestate | 227 % | 219 % | ||
| Case 3 | Open digestate | 142 % | 86 % | |
| Close digestate | 243 % | 235 % | ||
| Maize whole plantf8 | Case 1 | Open digestate | 36 % | 21 % |
| Close digestate | 59 % | 53 % | ||
| Case 2 | Open digestate | 34 % | 18 % | |
| Close digestate | 55 % | 47 % | ||
| Case 3 | Open digestate | 28 % | 10 % | |
| Close digestate | 52 % | 43 % | ||
| Biowaste | Case 1 | Open digestate | 47 % | 26 % |
| Close digestate | 84 % | 78 % | ||
| Case 2 | Open digestate | 43 % | 21 % | |
| Close digestate | 77 % | 68 % | ||
| Case 3 | Open digestate | 38 % | 14 % | |
| Close digestate | 76 % | 66 % | ||
| BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biogas production system | Technological option | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value | |
| Manure – Maize 80 % - 20 % | Case 1 | Open digestate | 72 % | 45 % |
| Close digestate | 120 % | 114 % | ||
| Case 2 | Open digestate | 67 % | 40 % | |
| Close digestate | 111 % | 103 % | ||
| Case 3 | Open digestate | 65 % | 35 % | |
| Close digestate | 114 % | 106 % | ||
| Manure – Maize 70 % - 30 % | Case 1 | Open digestate | 60 % | 37 % |
| Close digestate | 100 % | 94 % | ||
| Case 2 | Open digestate | 57 % | 32 % | |
| Close digestate | 93 % | 85 % | ||
| Case 3 | Open digestate | 53 % | 27 % | |
| Close digestate | 94 % | 85 % | ||
| Manure – Maize 60 % - 40 % | Case 1 | Open digestate | 53 % | 32 % |
| Close digestate | 88 % | 82 % | ||
| Case 2 | Open digestate | 50 % | 28 % | |
| Close digestate | 82 % | 73 % | ||
| Case 3 | Open digestate | 46 % | 22 % | |
| Close digestate | 81 % | 72 % | ||
| The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO2eq/MJ. | |||
| BIOMETHANE FOR TRANSPORTf9 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Biomethane production system | Technological options | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value |
| Wet manure | Open digestate, no off-gas combustion | 117 % | 72 % |
| Open digestate, off-gas combustion | 133 % | 94 % | |
| Close digestate, no off-gas combustion | 190 % | 179 % | |
| Close digestate, off-gas combustion | 206 % | 202 % | |
| Maize whole plant | Open digestate, no off-gas combustion | 35 % | 17 % |
| Open digestate, off-gas combustion | 51 % | 39 % | |
| Close digestate, no off-gas combustion | 52 % | 41 % | |
| Close digestate, off-gas combustion | 68 % | 63 % | |
| Biowaste | Open digestate, no off-gas combustion | 43 % | 20 % |
| Open digestate, off-gas combustion | 59 % | 42 % | |
| Close digestate, no off-gas combustion | 70 % | 58 % | |
| Close digestate, off-gas combustion | 86 % | 80 % | |
| The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO2eq/MJ. | |||
| This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS), Membranes, Cryogenic, and Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an emission of 0,03 MJ CH4/MJ biomethane for the emission of methane in the off-gases. | |||
| This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Chemical Scrubbing, Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS), Membranes and Cryogenic upgrading. No methane emissions are considered for this category (the methane in the off-gas is combusted, if any). | |||
| BIOMETHANE – MIXTURES OF MANURE AND MAIZEf10 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Biomethane production system | Technological options | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – typical value | Greenhouse gas emissions savings – default value |
| Manure – Maize 80 % - 20 % | Open digestate, no off-gas combustionf11 | 62 % | 35 % |
| Open digestate, off-gas combustionf12 | 78 % | 57 % | |
| Close digestate, no off-gas combustion | 97 % | 86 % | |
| Close digestate, off-gas combustion | 113 % | 108 % | |
| Manure – Maize 70 % - 30 % | Open digestate, no off-gas combustion | 53 % | 29 % |
| Open digestate, off-gas combustion | 69 % | 51 % | |
| Close digestate, no off-gas combustion | 83 % | 71 % | |
| Close digestate, off-gas combustion | 99 % | 94 % | |
| Manure – Maize 60 % - 40 % | Open digestate, no off-gas combustion | 48 % | 25 % |
| Open digestate, off-gas combustion | 64 % | 48 % | |
| Close digestate, no off-gas combustion | 74 % | 62 % | |
| Close digestate, off-gas combustion | 90 % | 84 % | |
Annotations
Footnotes
- f1
-
Case 1 refers to processes in which a natural gas boiler is used to provide the process heat to the pellet mill. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid;
Case 2a refers to processes in which a woodchips boiler, fed with pre-dried chips, is used to provide process heat. Electricity for the pellet mill is supplied from the grid;
Case 3a refers to processes in which a CHP, fed with pre-dried woodchips, is used to provide electricity and heat to the pellet mill.
- f2
-
This group of materials includes agricultural residues with a low bulk density and it comprises materials such as straw bales, oat hulls, rice husks and sugar cane bagasse bales (not exhaustive list).
- f3
-
The group of agricultural residues with higher bulk density includes materials such as corn cobs, nut shells, soybean hulls, palm kernel shells (not exhaustive list).
- f4
-
Case 1 refers to pathways in which electricity and heat required in the process are supplied by the CHP engine itself.
Case 2 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by the CHP engine itself. In some Member States, operators are not allowed to claim the gross production for subsidies and case 1 is the more likely configuration.
Case 3 refers to pathways in which the electricity required in the process is taken from the grid and the process heat is supplied by a biogas boiler. This case applies to some installations in which the CHP engine is not on-site and biogas is sold (but not upgraded to biomethane).
- f5
-
The values for biogas production from manure include negative emissions for emissions saved from raw manure management. The value of esca considered is equal to – 45 g CO2eq/MJ manure used in anaerobic digestion.
- f6
-
Open storage of digestate accounts for additional emissions of CH4 and N2O. The magnitude of those emissions changes with ambient conditions, substrate types and the digestion efficiency.
- f7
-
Close storage means that the digestate resulting from the digestion process is stored in a gas-tight tank and that the additional biogas released during storage is considered to be recovered for production of additional electricity or biomethane. No greenhouse gas emissions are included in that process.
- f8
-
Maize whole plant means maize harvested as fodder and ensiled for preservation.
- f9
-
The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO2eq/MJ.
- f10
-
The greenhouse gas emissions savings for biomethane only refer to compressed biomethane relative to the fossil fuel comparator for transport of 94 g CO2eq/MJ.
- f11
-
This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS), Membranes, Cryogenic, and Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS). It includes an emission of 0,03 MJ CH4/MJ biomethane for the emission of methane in the off-gases.
- f12
-
This category includes the following categories of technologies for biogas upgrade to biomethane: Pressure Water Scrubbing (PWS) when water is recycled, Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA), Chemical Scrubbing, Organic Physical Scrubbing (OPS), Membranes and Cryogenic upgrading. No methane emissions are considered for this category (the methane in the off-gas is combusted, if any).