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Landlord and Tenant Act 1985

1985 c. 70 · Enacted 30 October 1985 · Extends to England and Wales

Not fully up to date. 122 changes made by later legislation have not yet been written into this text, which is revised to 29 June 2026.

See the changes not yet applied
ProvisionChangeMade by
s. 26(1)words insertedHousing (Wales) Act 2014 s. 129
s. 20FAinsertedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 73
s. 20ZA(5A)words insertedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 72(3)(a)
s. 20DA 20DBinsertedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 72(4)
s. 20(1)(b)words insertedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 72(2)
s. 20ZA(5A)(a)words insertedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 72(3)(b)
s. 30words insertedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 72(6)
s. 30IA and cross-headinginsertedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 70
s. 30IB 30ICinsertedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 71
s. 30ID-30IHinsertedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 72(5)
s. 32(1)words insertedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 72(7)
s. 23substitutedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 1
s. 28(6)words insertedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 6(5)
s. 22substitutedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 s. 154
s. 23AinsertedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 2
s. 39words substitutedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 7
s. 28(5A)words substitutedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 6(4)(b)
s. 28(5A)words substitutedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 6(4)(a)
s. 28(4)(d)words substitutedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 6(3)
s. 28(1)words substitutedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 6(2)
s. 27words substitutedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 5
s. 26(1)words substitutedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 5
s. 25(1)words substitutedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 4
s. 24substitutedCommonhold and Leasehold Reform Act 2002 Sch. 10 para. 3
s. 13(1B)words insertedHousing and Planning Act 2016 Sch. 7 para. 18(3)(b)
s. 13(1B)words substitutedHousing and Planning Act 2016 Sch. 7 para. 18(3)(a)
s. 13(1AB)insertedHousing and Planning Act 2016 Sch. 7 para. 18(2)
Sch. para. 7(5)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 13
s. 31(4)words omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 11(b)
s. 31(5)insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 11(c)
s. 35(3)insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 12(b)
s. 37AinsertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 68(2)
s. 38words insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 68(3)
s. 39words insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(6)
s. 39words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 56(4)
s. 39words insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 68(4)
s. 39AinsertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 69(1)
Sch. para. 1A-1C and cross-headinginsertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 60(2)
Sch. para. 2-6omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 60(3)
Sch. para. 9(1)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 60(4)(a)
Sch. para. 9(1)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 60(4)(b)
s. 5(3)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 2(a)(i)
s. 5(3)(b)words omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 2(a)(ii)
s. 5(4)insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 2(b)
s. 10B(8)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 3
s. 18 headingwords insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(2)(a)
s. 18(1)(2)substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(2)(b)
s. 18(3)(b)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(2)(c)
s. 19 headingwords substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(a)
s. 19(1)(2)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(a)
s. 20 headingwords substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(b)
s. 20(2)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(b)
s. 20(4)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 4(a)
s. 20(5)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 4(b)
s. 20A headingwords substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(c)
s. 20A(1)(2)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(c)
s. 20B headingwords substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(d)
s. 20B(1)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(d)
s. 20B(3)-(10) and wordssubstituted for wordsLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 54
s. 20ComittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 62(2)
s. 20CA 20CBinsertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 62(3)
s. 20D headingwords substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(e)
s. 20D(4)(5)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(e)
s. 20E(4)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 6
s. 20F headingwords substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(f)
s. 20F(2)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(f)
s. 20F(7)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 7
s. 20G-20IinsertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 59
s. 20ZA(3)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 5(a)
s. 20ZA(4)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 5(b)
s. 20ZA(7)words omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 5(c)
s. 20ZA(8)insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 5(d)
s. 21omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 55(2)(a)
s. 21AomittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 55(2)(b)
s. 21BomittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 55(2)(c)
s. 21CinsertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 55(3)
s. 21D 21EinsertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 56(2)
s. 21F-21HinsertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 57(2)
s. 22omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 57(3)(a)
s. 23omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 57(3)(b)
s. 23A(1)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 15(a)
s. 23A(4)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 15(b)(i)
s. 23A(4)(b) and wordomittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 15(b)(ii)
s. 35(2)words omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 12(a)
s. 23A(4)(c)omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 15(b)(iii)
s. 24omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 57(3)(c)
s. 25omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 58(2)
s. 25AinsertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 58(3)
s. 26(1)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 16(a)(i)
s. 26(1)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 16(a)(ii)
s. 26(1A)insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 16(b)
s. 26(3)(c)substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 9 para. 5(a)
s. 26(4)-(7)insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 9 para. 5(b)
s. 27words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 17
s. 28(1)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 56(3)(a)
s. 28(2)substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 56(3)(b)
s. 28(4)(d)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 56(3)(c)
s. 28(7)(8)insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 56(3)(d)
s. 29(5)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 8(a)
s. 29(6)(b)words omittedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 8(b)
s. 29(7)insertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 8(c)
s. 29A(7)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 9
s. 30D(2)(a)(ii)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(g)
s. 30D(9)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 10
s. 30E(1)(c)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(3)s. 53(4)(h)
s. 30E(3)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 53(5)
s. 30J and cross-headinginsertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 63
s. 30K-30P and cross-headinginsertedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 s. 67
s. 31(1)words substitutedLeasehold and Freehold Reform Act 2024 Sch. 11 para. 11(a)
s. 39words substitutedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(4)
s. 10C 10DinsertedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 61(1)
s. 10B(6)omittedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(3)(d)
s. 10B(4)(a)substitutedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(3)(c)
s. 10B(3)(b)(i)word substitutedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(3)(b)
s. 10B(1)(a)words substitutedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(3)(a)
s. 10A(7)words omittedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(2)(f)(ii)
s. 10A(7)words substitutedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(2)(f)(i)
s. 10A(6)omittedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(2)(e)
s. 10A(5A)(5B)insertedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(2)(d)
s. 10A(3)word substitutedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(2)(c)
s. 10A(1)(1A)substituted for s. 10A(1)Renters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(2)(b)
s. 10A headingwords substitutedRenters’ Rights Act 2025 s. 60(2)(a)

An Act to consolidate certain provisions of the law of landlord and tenant formerly found in the Housing Acts, together with the Landlord and Tenant Act 1962, with amendments to give effect to recommendations of the Law Commission.

[30th October 1985]

C1C2C3C4I1C5Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows;—

Annotations to the whole text

Modifications

C1

A Table showing the derivation of the provisions of this consolidation Act will be found at the end of the Act. The Table has no official status.

C2

Act: certain functions transferred (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/672, art. 2, Sch. 1

C3

Act amended by Housing (Consequential Provisions) Act 1985 (c. 71, SIF 61), s. 2(3)

C4

Act modified by S.I. 1988/1283, art. 2, Sch. para. 7

C5

Act: definition applied (1.12.1991) by Water Industry Act 1991 (c. 56, SIF 130), ss. 167, 223(2), Sch. 11 para. 10 (with ss. 82(3), 186(1), 222(1), Sch. 13 paras. 1, 2 , Sch. 14 para. 6)

Act :definition applied (1.12.1991) by Water Resources Act 1991 (c. 57, SIF 130), ss. 168(3), 225(2), Sch. 19 para. 10 (with ss. 16(6), 179, 222(3), Sch. 22 para. 1, Sch. 23 para. 6)

Commencement

I1

Act not in force at Royal Assent: Act wholly in force at 1. 4. 1986

Contents

  1. Information to be given to tenant
  2. 1Disclosure of landlord’s identity.
  3. 2Disclosure of directors, &c. of corporate landlord.
  4. 3Duty to inform tenant of assignment of landlord’s interest.
  5. 3ADuty to inform tenant of possible right to acquire landlord’s interest.
  6. Provision of rent books
  7. 4Provision of rent books.
  8. 5Information to be contained in rent books.
  9. 6Information to be supplied by companies.
  10. 7Offences.
  11. Implied terms as to fitness for human habitation
  12. 8Implied terms as to fitness for human habitation: Wales.
  13. 9Application of s. 8 to certain houses occupied by agricultural workers.
  14. 9AFitness for human habitation of dwellings in England
  15. 9BLeases to which section 9A applies
  16. 9CApplication of section 9A to certain dwellings occupied by agricultural workers
  17. 10Fitness for human habitation.
  18. Implied term as to remedying of hazards
  19. 10ARemedying of hazards occurring in dwellings let on relevant social housing leases
  20. 10BRegulations section 10A: supplementary provision
  21. Repairing obligations
  22. 11Repairing obligations in short leases.
  23. 12Restriction on contracting out of s. 11.
  24. 13Leases to which s. 11 applies: general rule.
  25. 14Leases to which s. 11 applies: exceptions.
  26. 15Jurisdiction of county court.
  27. 16Meaning of “lease” and related expressions.
  28. 17Specific performance of landlord’s repairing obligations.
  29. Service charges
  30. 18Meaning of “service charge” and “relevant costs”.
  31. 19Limitation of service charges: reasonableness.
  32. 20Limitation of service charges: consultation requirements
  33. 20ZAConsultation requirements: supplementary
  34. 20ALimitation of service charges: grant-aided works.
  35. 20BLimitation of service charges: time limit on making demands.
  36. 20CLimitation of service charges: costs of proceedings.
  37. 20DLimitation of service charges: remediation works
  38. 20ERegulations under section 20D
  39. 20FLimitation of service charges: excluded costs for higher-risk buildings
  40. 20JLimitation of variable service charges: non-litigation costs of enfranchisement etc
  41. 20KRight to claim where non-litigation costs charged contrary to section 20J Not yet in force
  42. 21Service charge information
  43. 21AWithholding of service charges
  44. 21BNotice to accompany demands for service charges
  45. 22Request to inspect supporting accounts &c.
  46. 23Request relating to information held by superior landlord.
  47. 23AEffect of change of landlord Not yet in force
  48. 24Effect of assignment on request.
  49. 25Failure to comply with s. 21, 22 or 23 an offence.
  50. 26Exception: tenants of certain public authorities.
  51. 27Exception: rent registered and not entered as variable.
  52. 27ALiability to pay service charges: jurisdiction
  53. 28Meaning of “qualified accountant”.
  54. 29Meaning of “recognised tenants’ association”.
  55. 29ATenants' associations: power to request information about tenants
  56. 30Meaning of “landlord”, “tenant” etc.
  57. Insurance
  58. 30ARights of tenants with respect to insurance.
  59. Managing agents
  60. 30BRecognised tenants’ associations to be consulted about managing agents.
  61. Higher-risk buildings in England
  62. 30CImplied terms relating to building safety
  63. 30DLiability for building safety costs
  64. 30ELiability for remuneration of building safety director of resident management company etc
  65. 30FRestrictions on contracting out of sections 30C to 30E
  66. 30GJurisdiction of county court
  67. 30HSpecific performance of implied terms
  68. 30IInterpretation of building safety provisions
  69. Miscellaneous
  70. 31Reserve power to limit rents.
  71. Supplementary provisions
  72. 31AJurisdiction of leasehold valuation tribunal. Repealed
  73. 31BLeasehold valuation tribunal: applications and fees. Repealed
  74. 31CTransfer of cases from county court. Repealed
  75. 32Provisions not applying to tenancies within Part II of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954.
  76. 33Liability of directors, &c. for offences by body corporate.
  77. 34Power of local housing authority to prosecute.
  78. 35Application to Isles of Scilly.
  79. 36Meaning of “lease” and “tenancy” and related expressions.
  80. 37Meaning of “statutory tenant” and related expressions.
  81. 38Minor definitions.
  82. 39Index of defined expressions.
  83. Final provisions
  84. 40Short title, commencement and extent.
  85. Schedule: RIGHTS OF TENANTS WITH RESPECT TO INSURANCE
  86. Construction
  87. 1Paragraph 1
  88. . . . Summary of insurance cover
  89. 2Paragraph 2
  90. Request to inspect insurance policy etc.
  91. 3Inspection of insurance policy etc.
  92. . . . Insurance effected by superior landlord
  93. 4Paragraph 4
  94. 4AEffect of change of landlord
  95. Effect of assignment . . .
  96. 5Paragraph 5
  97. Offence of failure to comply
  98. 6Paragraph 6
  99. Tenant’s right to notify insurers of possible claim
  100. 7Paragraph 7
  101. Right to challenge landlord’s choice of insurers
  102. 8Paragraph 8
  103. Exception for tenants of certain public authorities
  104. 9Paragraph 9