OpenLegislation

Local Government Act 1972 in Wales

1972 c. 70 · Enacted 26 October 1972 · Extends to England, Wales and Scotland

Not fully up to date. 30 changes made by later legislation have not yet been written into this text, which is revised to 5 October 2026.

See the changes not yet applied
ProvisionChangeMade by
s. 80(1)(a)modifiedLocal Government and Elections (Wales) Act 2021 Sch. 6 para. 2(1)
s. 116modifiedLocal Government and Elections (Wales) Act 2021 Sch. 6 para. 2(2)
s. 233excludedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 131(9)
s. 101(4)excludedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 123(3) 124(6)
s. 231excludedBuilding Safety (Wales) Act 2026 s. 131(9)
s. 122excludedPlanning (Wales) Act 2026 s. 265(2)
Sch. 12 para. 43excludedPlanning (Wales) Act 2026 s. 362(3)
s. 101modifiedPlanning (Wales) Act 2026 s. 363(1)
s. 101excludedPlanning (Wales) Act 2026 s. 405(1)
s. 102modifiedPlanning (Wales) Act 2026 s. 363(1)
s. 123excludedPlanning (Wales) Act 2026 s. 265(2)
s. 122(2)words insertedPlanning (Consequential Provisions) (Wales) Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 89(a)(i)
s. 122(2)(a)words omittedPlanning (Consequential Provisions) (Wales) Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 89(a)(ii)
s. 122(2ZA)insertedPlanning (Consequential Provisions) (Wales) Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 89(b)
Sch. 12A para. 20word omittedPlanning (Consequential Provisions) (Wales) Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 93
s. 126(4)words insertedPlanning (Consequential Provisions) (Wales) Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 90(a)(i)
s. 126(4)(a)words omittedPlanning (Consequential Provisions) (Wales) Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 90(a)(ii)
s. 126(4ZA)insertedPlanning (Consequential Provisions) (Wales) Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 90(b)
s. 140A(2)words insertedPlanning (Consequential Provisions) (Wales) Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 91
s. 101(6A)words insertedPlanning (Consequential Provisions) (Wales) Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 88
s. 270words insertedPlanning (Consequential Provisions) (Wales) Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 92
s. 250(2)-(5)applied by 1981 c. 69 Sch. 13A para. 10(1)(2) (as inserted)Deregulation Act 2015 Sch. 7 para. 6
s. 250(2)-(5)applied by 1981 c. 69 Sch. 14A para. 16(1)(2) (as inserted)Deregulation Act 2015 Sch. 7 para. 7
s. 250(2)-(5)power to apply conferred by 1991 c. 56, s. 39F(6) (as inserted)Environment Act 2021 s. 78(7)
s. 101(6ZA)insertedLevelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023 Sch. 12 para. 2
s. 123(2C)insertedLevelling-up and Regeneration Act 2023 s. 75
Pt. 5Amodified by 2023 c. 55, Sch. 1A para. 3(4) (as inserted)English Devolution and Community Empowerment Act 2026 Sch. 4 para. 2
Pt. 5Amodified by 2009 c. 20, Sch. 5AA para. 3(4) (as inserted)English Devolution and Community Empowerment Act 2026 Sch. 5 para. 2
s. 102(2)-(5)applied by 2023 c. 55, Sch. 1A para. 3(5) (as inserted)English Devolution and Community Empowerment Act 2026 Sch. 4 para. 2
s. 102(2)-(5)applied by 2009 c. 20, Sch. 5AA para. 3(5) (as inserted)English Devolution and Community Empowerment Act 2026 Sch. 5 para. 2

An Act to make provision with respect to local government and the functions of local authorities in England and Wales; to amend Part II of the Transport Act 1968; to confer rights of appeal in respect of decisions relating to licences under the Home Counties (Music and Dancing) Licensing Act 1926; to make further provision with respect to magistrates’ courts committees; to abolish certain inferior courts of record; and for connected purposes.

[26th October 1972]I1C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C8C9C10C11

Annotations to the whole text

Modifications

C1

Act extended by Charlwood and Horley Act 1974 (c. 11), s. 2

C2

Words of enactment omitted under authority of Statute Law Revision Act 1948 (c. 62), s. 3

C3

Act modified by S.I. 1979/1123, arts. 4(2), 5

C4

Power to modify Act conferred by Representation of the People Act 1983 (c. 2, SIF 42), s. 39(6)(7)

C5

Act modified by Representation of the People Act 1983 (c. 2, SIF 42), s. 40(2)

C6

Act applied (12.3.1991) by S.I. 1991/993, arts. 1(1), 28

Act construed as one with 1994 c. 19 (5.7.1994) by 1994 c. 19, ss. 64(3), 66(2) (with ss. 54(5)(7), 55(5), Sch. 17 paras. 22(1), 23(2))

Act restricted (3.4.1995) by 1994 c. 19, s. 30(2) (with ss. 54(5)(7), 55(5), Sch. 17 paras. 22(1), 23(2)); S.I. 1995/852, art. 5

Act restricted (temp. from 6.5.1996 to 31.3.1997) by S.I. 1995/1770, art. 16(a)

Act extended (1.11.1996) by 1996 c. 56, ss. 532, 583(2) (with s. 1(4))

Act applied (1.7.1997) by 1997 c. 23, ss. 1(4), 9(2), Sch. 1 para. 2(c) (with s. 7(3), Sch. 2 para. 6)

Act: transfer of functions (subject to specified exceptions) (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/672, art. 2, Sch. 1

C7

Act power to apply or incorporate (with modifications) conferred (15.9.2011) by Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 (c. 13), s. 58(1)-(3), (7)

C8

Act power to apply or incorporate (with modifications) conferred (25.4.2012) by Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 (c. 13), s. 54(2)-(5), 157(1); S.I. 2012/1129, art. 2(b)

C9

Act modified (18.3.2022) by The Cumbria (Structural Changes) Order 2022 (S.I. 2022/331), arts. 1(1), 3(3)

C10

Act modified (18.3.2022) by The Cumbria (Structural Changes) Order 2022 (S.I. 2022/331), arts. 1(1), 4(3)

C11

Act modified (10.3.2026) by The Surrey (Structural Changes) Order 2026 (S.I. 2026/264), arts. 1(1), 4(3)(a), 5(3)(a)

Commencement

I1

Act partly in force at Royal Assent see s. 273; Act wholly in force 1.4.1974

Contents

  1. New local government areas
  2. 1New local government areas in England.
  3. 4Election of chairman.
  4. 11BDe-grouping: alternative styles
  5. 16AAppointed councillors
  6. 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  7. 17AAlternative styles: supplementary
  8. 18Establishment of new authorities in England.
  9. 19Extent of Part I.
  10. Part II: Local Government Areas and Authorities in Wales
  11. New local government areas
  12. 20New principal local government areas in Wales.
  13. Principal councils
  14. 21Constitution of principal councils in Wales.
  15. Members of principal councils
  16. 22Chairman.
  17. 23Election of chairman.
  18. 24Vice-chairman.
  19. 24APresiding member
  20. 24BDeputy presiding member
  21. 25Term of office and retirement of councillors.
  22. 25ATitle of chairman or vice-chairman of county borough council.
  23. 25BTitle of civic chair
  24. 26Elections of councillors.
  25. Communities
  26. 27Community meetings and continuation of community councils.
  27. 28Establishment or dissolution of community councils. Repealed
  28. 29Community councils for groups of communities. Repealed
  29. 29ACommunity councils for groups of communities: dissolution. Repealed
  30. 29BCommunity councils: applications under section 28, 29 or 29A. Repealed
  31. 30Restriction on community applications during and after reviews.
  32. 31Provision supplementary to sections 27A to 27L.
  33. 32Constitution of community meeting.
  34. 33Constitution and powers of community councils.
  35. 33AConsultation with community councils.
  36. 33BPrincipal council's response to a community poll Repealed
  37. 33CPrincipal council's explanation of its response to a community poll Repealed
  38. 34Chairman and vice-chairman of community council.
  39. 35Community councillors.
  40. 36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  41. Miscellaneous
  42. 37Establishment of principal councils in Wales.
  43. 38Extent of Part II.
  44. Part III
  45. 39–45. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  46. Part IV: Changes in Local Government Areas
  47. Proposals by Local Government Boundary Commission for England
  48. 46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  49. 47. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  50. 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  51. 49. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  52. 50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  53. 51. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  54. 52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  55. Proposals by Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales
  56. 53Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales. Repealed
  57. 54Proposals for changes in local government areas in Wales. Repealed
  58. 55Review of local government areas in Wales. Repealed
  59. 56Power of Secretary of State to direct holding of reviews. Repealed
  60. 57Substantive changes in electoral arrangements. Repealed
  61. 58Commission’s reports and their implementation. Repealed
  62. 59Directions about reviews. Repealed
  63. Conduct of reviews
  64. 60Procedure for reviews. Repealed
  65. 61Local inquiries. Repealed
  66. Border between England and Wales
  67. 62. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  68. Initial reviews
  69. 63. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  70. 64Review of electoral arrangements for Welsh principal areas. Repealed
  71. Supplementary provisions
  72. 65Delegation of functions of Commission. Repealed
  73. 66. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  74. 67Consequential and transitional arrangements relating to Part IV.
  75. 68Transitional agreements as to property and finance.
  76. 69Variation and revocation of orders under Part IV, etc.
  77. Miscellaneous
  78. 70Restriction on promotion of Bills for changing local government areas, etc.
  79. 71Modification of seaward boundaries of local government areas. Repealed
  80. 72Accretions from the sea, etc.
  81. 73Alteration of local boundaries consequent on alteration of water-course.
  82. 74Change of name of county, district or London borough.
  83. 75Change of name of parish.
  84. 76Change of name of community.
  85. 77. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  86. 78Supplementary.
  87. Part V: General Provisions as to Members and Proceedings of Local Authorities
  88. Qualifications and disqualifications
  89. 80Disqualifications for election and holding office as member of a local authority in England.
  90. 80ADisqualification for election or being a member of a local authority in Wales
  91. 80BDisqualification for being a member of a local authority in Wales and holding local office or employment
  92. 80CPaid office or employment to which disqualification applies
  93. 81Exceptions to provisions of section 80.
  94. 81ADisqualification relating to sexual offences etc (England)
  95. 82Validity of acts done by unqualified persons.
  96. Acceptance, resignation and vacation of office, and casual vacancies
  97. 83Declaration of acceptance of office.
  98. 84Resignation.
  99. 85Vacation of office by failure to attend meetings.
  100. 86Declaration by local authority of vacancy in office in certain cases.
  101. 87Date of casual vacancies.
  102. 88Filling of casual vacancy in case of chairman, etc.
  103. 89Filling of casual vacancies in case of councillors.
  104. 90Term of office of persons filling casual vacancies.
  105. 91Temporary appointment of members of parish and community councils.
  106. Proceedings for disqualification
  107. 92Proceedings for disqualification.
  108. Restrictions on voting
  109. 93. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  110. 94Disability of members of authorities for voting on account of interest in contracts, etc. Repealed
  111. 95Pecuniary interests for purposes of section 94. Repealed
  112. 96General notices and recording of disclosures for purposes of section 94. Repealed
  113. 97Removal or exclusion of disability, etc. Repealed
  114. 98Interpretation of sections 95 and 97. Repealed
  115. Meetings and proceedings
  116. 99Meetings and proceedings of local authorities.
  117. 100Admission of public and press to local authority committee meetings.
  118. Part VA: Access to Meetings and Documents of Certain Authorities, Committees and Sub-Committees.
  119. 100BAAccess to agenda and connected reports: principal councils in Wales
  120. 100CInspection and publication of minutes and other documents after meetings.
  121. 100DInspection and publication of background papers.
  122. 100EApplication to committees and sub-committees.
  123. 100EAInspection of records relating to functions exercisable by members
  124. 100GPrincipal councils to publish additional information.
  125. 100HSupplemental provisions and offences.
  126. 100IExempt information and power to vary Schedule 12A.
  127. 100JApplication to new authorities, Common Council, etc.
  128. 100KInterpretation and application of Part VA.
  129. Part VI: Discharge of Functions
  130. 101Arrangements for discharge of functions by local authorities.
  131. 102Appointment of committees.
  132. 103Expenses of joint committees.
  133. 104Disqualification for membership of committees and joint committees.
  134. 105Disability for voting on account of interest in contracts, etc. Repealed
  135. 106Standing orders.
  136. 107Application of foregoing provisions to the Common Council.
  137. 108Committees of parish meetings.
  138. 109Conferring functions of parish council on parish meeting.
  139. 110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  140. Part VII: Miscellaneous Powers of Local Authorities
  141. Subsidiary powers
  142. 111Subsidiary powers of local authorities.
  143. Staff
  144. 112Appointment of staff.
  145. 113Placing of staff of local authorities at disposal of other local authorities.
  146. 114Security to be taken in relation to officers.
  147. 115Accountability of officers.
  148. 116Members of local authorities in England not to be appointed as officers.
  149. 116AMembers of local authorities in Wales not to be appointed as officers
  150. 117Disclosure by officers of interest in contracts.
  151. 118Payment of salary, etc., due to mentally disordered person. Repealed
  152. 119Payments due to deceased officers.
  153. Land transactions — principal councils
  154. 120Acquisition of land by agreement by principal councils.
  155. 121Acquisition of land compulsorily by principal councils.
  156. 122Appropriation of land by principal councils.
  157. 123Disposal of land by principal councils.
  158. 123A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  159. Land transactions—parish and community councils
  160. 124Acquisition of land by agreement by parish and community councils.
  161. 125Compulsory acquisition of land on behalf of parish or community councils.
  162. 126Appropriation of land by parish and community councils and by parish meetings.
  163. 127Disposal of land held by parishes and communities.
  164. Land transactions—general provisions
  165. 128Consents to land transactions by local authorities and protection of purchasers.
  166. Discharge of statutory trusts
  167. 128AStatutory trust discharge orders
  168. 128BApplications for statutory trust discharge orders
  169. 128CApplications where land has been divided up
  170. 128DThe qualifying conditions
  171. 128EThe new publicity requirements
  172. 128FPrevious advertisement procedure: co-operation by councils etc and presumption
  173. 128GMaking statutory trust discharge orders
  174. 128HSections 128A to 128G: interpretation and application to the Crown
  175. 129Payment of purchase or compensation money by one local authority to another.
  176. 130Acquisition by local authorities of lands belonging to the Duchy of Lancaster.
  177. 131Savings.
  178. Premises and contracts
  179. 132Provision of offices, etc. by principal councils.
  180. 133Provision of parish and community buildings.
  181. 134Use of schoolroom, etc. in parish or community.
  182. 135Contracts of local authorities.
  183. Miscellaneous
  184. 136Contributions towards expenditure on concurrent functions.
  185. 137Power of local authorities to incur expenditure for certain purposes not otherwise authorised.
  186. 137AFinancial assistance to be conditional on provision of information.
  187. 138Powers of principal councils with respect to emergencies or disasters.
  188. 138APrayers and other observances
  189. 138BInvolvement with religious events and events connected with a belief
  190. 138CApplication of sections 138A and 138B to other authorities
  191. 139Acceptance of gifts of property.
  192. 140Insurance by local authorities against accidents to members.
  193. 140AInsurance of voluntary assistants of local authorities.
  194. 140BInsurance of voluntary assistants of probation committee.
  195. 140CProvisions supplementary to sections 140A, 140B.
  196. 140DApplication of sections 140, 140A and 140C to corporate joint committees
  197. 141Research and the collection of information.
  198. 142Provision of information, etc., relating to matters affecting local government.
  199. 143Subscriptions to local government associations.
  200. 144Power to encourage visitors and provide conference and other facilities.
  201. 145Provision of entertainments.
  202. 146Transfer of securities on alteration of area, etc.
  203. 146AJoint Authorities and Inner London Education Authority.
  204. Part VIII: Finance
  205. Expenses and receipts
  206. 147. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  207. 148Principal councils’ funds and accounts.
  208. 149. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  209. 150Expenses of parish and community councils.
  210. 151Financial administration.
  211. 152Revenues from undertakings.
  212. 153Application of capital money on disposal of land. Repealed
  213. 154–167. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  214. Miscellaneous provisions as to finance and rating
  215. 168Local financial returns.
  216. 169Initial expenses of new authorities. Repealed
  217. 170. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  218. 171. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  219. 172Miscellaneous amendments of enactments relating to finance and rating.
  220. Allowances to members of local authorities and other bodies
  221. 173Attendance allowance and financial loss allowance.
  222. 173ARight to opt for financial loss allowance.
  223. 174Travelling allowance and subsistence allowance.
  224. 175Allowances for attending conferences and meetings.
  225. 176Payment of expenses of official and courtesy visits, etc.
  226. 177Provisions supplementary to sections 173 to 176.
  227. 177A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  228. 178Regulations as to allowances.
  229. Part IX: Functions
  230. General
  231. 179General provision for transfer of functions.
  232. The environment
  233. 180Public health.
  234. 181Water and sewerage.
  235. 182Town and Country Planning.
  236. 183. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  237. 184National Park and countryside functions.
  238. 185Town development.
  239. 186Traffic and transportation functions.
  240. 187Local highway authorities and maintenance powers of district councils.
  241. 188. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  242. 189Commons.
  243. 190Sites for gipsy encampments. Repealed
  244. 191Ordnance survey.
  245. Education, social and welfare services
  246. 192. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  247. 193, 194. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  248. 195Social services functions.
  249. Miscellaneous functions
  250. 196. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  251. 197Fire services.
  252. 198, 199. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  253. 200. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  254. 201. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  255. 202Public transport in passenger transport areas.
  256. 203. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  257. 204Licensing: licensed premises, cinemas, theatres and refreshment houses. Repealed
  258. 205. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  259. 206Public libraries and museums (England).
  260. 207. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  261. 208Amendments of Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964.
  262. 209. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  263. 210Charities.
  264. 211Welsh Church funds.
  265. 212. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  266. 213Local licence duties. Repealed
  267. 214Cemeteries and crematoria.
  268. 215Maintenance of a closed churchyard.
  269. Part X: Judicial and Related Matters
  270. 216Adaptation of law relating to old counties.
  271. 217Section 217
  272. 218. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  273. 219Sheriffs and under-sheriffs.
  274. 220. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  275. 221Abolition of borough civil courts. Repealed
  276. Part XI: General Provisions as to Local Authorities
  277. Legal proceedings
  278. 222Power of local authorities to prosecute or defend legal proceedings.
  279. 223Appearance of local authorities in legal proceedings.
  280. Documents and notices, etc.
  281. 224Arrangements by principal councils for custody of documents.
  282. 225Deposit of documents with proper officer of authority, etc.
  283. 226Custody of parish and community documents.
  284. 227Provision of depositories for parish and community documents.
  285. 228Inspection of documents.
  286. 229Photographic copies of documents.
  287. 230Reports and returns.
  288. 231Service of notices on local authorities, etc.
  289. 232Public notices.
  290. 233Service of notices by local authorities.
  291. 234Authentication of documents.
  292. Byelaws
  293. 235Power of councils to make byelaws for good rule and government and suppression of nuisances.
  294. 236Procedure etc., for byelaws.
  295. 236AAlternative procedure for certain byelaws
  296. 236BRevocation of byelaws
  297. 237Offences against byelaws.
  298. 237ZASection 235 byelaws: powers of seizure etc
  299. 237AFixed penalty notices
  300. 237BAmount of fixed penalty
  301. 237CPower to require name and address in connection with fixed penalty
  302. 237DUse of fixed penalty receipts
  303. 237EGuidance relating to sections 236A and 237A to 237D
  304. 237FFurther provision about regulations and orders under section 237A or 237B
  305. 238Evidence of byelaws.
  306. Miscellaneous provisions
  307. 239Power to promote or oppose local or personal Bills.
  308. 240Provisional orders and orders subject to special parliamentary procedure.
  309. 241Power to apply provisions of Act to joint boards, etc.
  310. 242Effect of inaccurate description.
  311. 243Computation of time and timing of elections, etc.
  312. 244Saving of transfer of certain powers under local Acts from Treasury to Secretary of State.
  313. 244AApplication of this Part to the London Fire Commissioner
  314. Part XII: Miscellaneous and General
  315. Status, etc.
  316. 245Status of certain districts, parishes and communities.
  317. 245AChange of status of Welsh county to county borough.
  318. 245BCommunity having the status of a town.
  319. 246Preservation of powers, privileges and rights of existing cities or boroughs.
  320. 247Transfer of armorial bearings from old to new authorities.
  321. 248Freemen and inhabitants of existing boroughs.
  322. 249Honorary titles.
  323. Inquiries
  324. 250Power to direct inquiries.
  325. General
  326. 251Consequential and minor modifications and amendments.
  327. 252General power to adapt Acts and instruments.
  328. 253Transfer of powers of certain public bodies.
  329. 254Consequential and supplementary provision.
  330. 255Transfer of officers.
  331. 256Continuity of employment in cases of voluntary transfer.
  332. 257Staff commission for England. Repealed
  333. 258Staff commission for Wales. Repealed
  334. 259Compensation for loss of office.
  335. 260Provision for early retirement in lieu of compensation for loss of office.
  336. 261Remuneration of employees of existing local authorities outside Greater London. Repealed
  337. 262Local Acts and instruments.
  338. 263Existing joint boards and committees and port health districts.
  339. 264. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  340. 265Application of Act to Isles of Scilly.
  341. 265AApplication in relation to the Broads Authority.
  342. 266Orders, rules and regulations.
  343. 267Expenses.
  344. 268. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  345. 269Meaning of “England” and “Wales”.
  346. 270General provisions as to interpretation.
  347. 271Savings.
  348. 272Repeals.
  349. 273Commencement.
  350. 274Short title and extent.
  351. Schedule 1: Counties and Metropolitan Districts in England
  352. Part
  353. Part III: Rules as to Boundaries
  354. 1Paragraph 1
  355. 2Paragraph 2
  356. 3Paragraph 3
  357. 4Paragraph 4
  358. 5Paragraph 5
  359. 6Paragraph 6
  360. 7Paragraph 7
  361. 8Paragraph 8
  362. 9Paragraph 9
  363. 10Paragraph 10
  364. 11Paragraph 11
  365. 12Paragraph 12
  366. Part IV: Divided Parishes
  367. 1Paragraph 1
  368. 2Paragraph 2
  369. 3Paragraph 3
  370. 4Paragraph 4
  371. Part V: Constitution of Parishes by Reference to existing Urban District and Borough Boundaries
  372. 1Paragraph 1
  373. 2Paragraph 2
  374. 3Paragraph 3
  375. 4Paragraph 4
  376. Schedule 2: Constitution and Membership of Greater London Council and London Borough Councils
  377. Part I
  378. Constitution
  379. 1Paragraph 1
  380. Chairman and mayor
  381. 2Paragraph 2
  382. Election of chairman and mayor
  383. 3Paragraph 3
  384. 4Paragraph 4 Repealed
  385. Power of mayor of London borough to appoint deputy
  386. 5Paragraph 5
  387. Modifications of preceding provisions
  388. 5AParagraph 5A
  389. 5BParagraph 5B
  390. 5CParagraph 5C
  391. 5DParagraph 5D
  392. 5EParagraph 5E
  393. 5FParagraph 5F
  394. 5GParagraph 5G
  395. 5HParagraph 5H
  396. 5IParagraph 5I
  397. Term of office and retirement of councillors
  398. 6Paragraph 6
  399. Electoral divisions and wards
  400. 7Paragraph 7
  401. 8Paragraph 8 Repealed
  402. Part II
  403. 9–14Paragraph 9–14 Repealed
  404. Schedule 3: Establishment of New Authorities in England
  405. Division of non-metropolitan counties into districts
  406. 1Paragraph 1
  407. County and district councillors
  408. 2Paragraph 2 Repealed
  409. 3Paragraph 3
  410. 4Paragraph 4 Repealed
  411. First elections and meetings of new councils
  412. 5Paragraph 5 Repealed
  413. 6Paragraph 6 Repealed
  414. 7Paragraph 7 Repealed
  415. 8Paragraph 8 Repealed
  416. 9Paragraph 9 Repealed
  417. Parish councillors
  418. 10Paragraph 10
  419. Qualification for membership of local authority
  420. 11Paragraph 11 Repealed
  421. Suspension of elections
  422. 12Paragraph 12
  423. 13Paragraph 13
  424. 14Paragraph 14
  425. Annual meetings
  426. 15Paragraph 15 Repealed
  427. 16Paragraph 16 Repealed
  428. 17Paragraph 17 Repealed
  429. Supplementary
  430. 18Paragraph 18
  431. Schedule 4: Local Government Areas in Wales
  432. ICounties
  433. IICounty Boroughs
  434. IIIThe Preserved Counties And Their Areas
  435. Part IV
  436. 1Paragraph 1
  437. 2Paragraph 2
  438. Schedule 5: Establishment of New Principal Councils
  439. Election of councillors
  440. 1Paragraph 1
  441. Electoral divisions
  442. 2Paragraph 2
  443. First elections of new councils
  444. 3Paragraph 3 Repealed
  445. Declarations of acceptance of office
  446. 4Paragraph 4 Repealed
  447. First meetings of new principal councils
  448. 5Paragraph 5 Repealed
  449. 6Paragraph 6 Repealed
  450. 7Paragraph 7 Repealed
  451. Qualification for membership
  452. 8Paragraph 8 Repealed
  453. Suspension of elections
  454. 9Paragraph 9 Repealed
  455. Appropriate transition committee
  456. 10Paragraph 10 Repealed
  457. Qualification for membership of local authority
  458. 11Paragraph 11
  459. Suspension of elections
  460. 12Paragraph 12
  461. Annual meetings
  462. 13Paragraph 13
  463. 14Paragraph 14
  464. Supplemental
  465. 15Paragraph 15
  466. Schedule 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  467. Schedule 7: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  468. 1Paragraph 1
  469. 2Paragraph 2
  470. 3Paragraph 3
  471. 4Paragraph 4
  472. 5Paragraph 5
  473. 6Paragraph 6
  474. Officers and servants, remuneration and expenses
  475. 7Paragraph 7
  476. 8Paragraph 8
  477. Proof of documents
  478. 9Paragraph 9
  479. Schedule 8: Constitution and Proceedings of the Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales Repealed
  480. 1Paragraph 1 Repealed
  481. 2Paragraph 2 Repealed
  482. 3Paragraph 3 Repealed
  483. 4Paragraph 4 Repealed
  484. 5Paragraph 5 Repealed
  485. 6Paragraph 6 Repealed
  486. Officers and servants, remuneration and expenses Repealed
  487. 7Paragraph 7 Repealed
  488. 8Paragraph 8 Repealed
  489. Proof of documents Repealed
  490. 9Paragraph 9 Repealed
  491. Schedule 9: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  492. 1Paragraph 1
  493. 2Paragraph 2
  494. 3Paragraph 3
  495. 4Paragraph 4
  496. Schedule 10: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  497. Special community reviews
  498. 1Paragraph 1
  499. 2Paragraph 2
  500. 3Paragraph 3
  501. 4Paragraph 4
  502. 5Paragraph 5
  503. 6Paragraph 6
  504. 7Paragraph 7
  505. 8Paragraph 8
  506. 9Paragraph 9
  507. Review of electoral arrangements for districts, etc.
  508. 10Paragraph 10
  509. 11Paragraph 11
  510. 12Paragraph 12
  511. Review of electoral arrangements for counties
  512. 13Paragraph 13
  513. 14Paragraph 14
  514. Supplemental
  515. 15Paragraph 15
  516. Schedule 11: Rules to be Observed in Considering Electoral Arrangements
  517. Counties
  518. 1Paragraph 1 Repealed
  519. Welsh counties and county boroughs
  520. 1AParagraph 1A Repealed
  521. 2Paragraph 2 Repealed
  522. Districts and London boroughs
  523. 3Paragraph 3 Repealed
  524. Parishes and communities
  525. 4Paragraph 4
  526. 5Paragraph 5 Repealed
  527. Schedule 12: Meetings and Proceedings of Local Authorities
  528. Part I: Principal Councils
  529. 1Paragraph 1
  530. 2Paragraph 2
  531. 3Paragraph 3
  532. 4Paragraph 4
  533. 4AParagraph 4A
  534. 5Paragraph 5
  535. 6Paragraph 6
  536. 6ZAParagraph 6ZA
  537. Part IA: Joint Authorities and Inner London Education Authority
  538. 6AParagraph 6A
  539. 6BParagraph 6B
  540. Part II: Parish Councils
  541. 7Paragraph 7
  542. 8Paragraph 8
  543. 9Paragraph 9
  544. 10Paragraph 10
  545. 11Paragraph 11
  546. 12Paragraph 12
  547. 13Paragraph 13
  548. Part III: Parish Meetings
  549. 14Paragraph 14
  550. 15Paragraph 15
  551. 16Paragraph 16
  552. 17Paragraph 17
  553. 18Paragraph 18
  554. 19Paragraph 19
  555. 20Paragraph 20
  556. 21Paragraph 21
  557. 22Paragraph 22
  558. Part IV: Community Councils
  559. 23Paragraph 23
  560. 24Paragraph 24
  561. 25Paragraph 25
  562. 26Paragraph 26
  563. 26ZAParagraph 26ZA
  564. 26AParagraph 26A Repealed
  565. 27Paragraph 27
  566. 27AParagraph 27A
  567. 28Paragraph 28
  568. 29Paragraph 29
  569. 29AParagraph 29A Repealed
  570. Part V: Community Meetings
  571. 30Paragraph 30
  572. 30AParagraph 30A
  573. 30BParagraph 30B
  574. 30CParagraph 30C
  575. 30DParagraph 30D
  576. 30EParagraph 30E
  577. 31Paragraph 31
  578. 32Paragraph 32
  579. 33Paragraph 33
  580. 34Paragraph 34
  581. 35Paragraph 35
  582. 36Paragraph 36
  583. 36AParagraph 36A
  584. 36BAParagraph 36BA
  585. 37Paragraph 37
  586. 38Paragraph 38
  587. 38AParagraph 38A Repealed
  588. 38BParagraph 38B Repealed
  589. Part VI: Provisions Relating to Local Authorities Generally
  590. 39Paragraph 39
  591. 40Paragraph 40
  592. 41Paragraph 41
  593. 42Paragraph 42
  594. 43Paragraph 43
  595. 44Paragraph 44
  596. 45Paragraph 45
  597. 46Paragraph 46
  598. Schedule 12A: ACCESS TO INFORMATION: EXEMPT INFORMATION
  599. Part 1: DESCRIPTIONS OF EXEMPT INFORMATION: ENGLAND
  600. 1Paragraph 1
  601. 2Paragraph 2
  602. 3Paragraph 3
  603. 4Paragraph 4
  604. 5Paragraph 5
  605. 6Paragraph 6
  606. 7Paragraph 7
  607. Part 2: QUALIFICATIONS: ENGLAND
  608. 8Paragraph 8
  609. 9Paragraph 9
  610. 10Paragraph 10
  611. Part 3: INTERPRETATION: ENGLAND
  612. 11Paragraph 11
  613. Part 4: DESCRIPTIONS OF EXEMPT INFORMATION: WALES
  614. 12Paragraph 12
  615. 13Paragraph 13
  616. 14Paragraph 14
  617. 15Paragraph 15
  618. 16Paragraph 16
  619. 17Paragraph 17
  620. 18Paragraph 18
  621. Part 5: QUALIFICATIONS: WALES
  622. 19Paragraph 19
  623. 20Paragraph 20
  624. 21Paragraph 21
  625. Part 6: INTERPRETATION: WALES
  626. 22Paragraph 22
  627. Schedule 12B: Appropriate sum under section 137(4)
  628. 1Paragraph 1
  629. 2Paragraph 2
  630. 3Paragraph 3
  631. 4Paragraph 4
  632. 5Paragraph 5
  633. 6Paragraph 6
  634. 7Paragraph 7
  635. Schedule 13: Loans and Other Financial Provisions
  636. Part I
  637. 1–22Paragraph 1–22 Repealed
  638. Part II: Amendments with Respect to Finance and Rating
  639. 23Paragraph 23 Repealed
  640. The Rural Water Supplies and Sewerage Act 1944
  641. 24Paragraph 24 Repealed
  642. Parish Councils Act 1957
  643. 25Paragraph 25 Repealed
  644. 26Paragraph 26 Repealed
  645. 27Paragraph 27 Repealed
  646. The General Rate Act 1967
  647. 28Paragraph 28
  648. 29Paragraph 29
  649. Schedule 14: Amendment and Modification of Public Health Acts, Etc.
  650. Part I: The Public Health Act 1936
  651. 1Paragraph 1
  652. 2Paragraph 2
  653. 3Paragraph 3 Repealed
  654. 4Paragraph 4
  655. 5–7Paragraph 5–7 Repealed
  656. 8Paragraph 8 Repealed
  657. 9Paragraph 9
  658. 10Paragraph 10 Repealed
  659. 11Paragraph 11 Repealed
  660. 12Paragraph 12 Repealed
  661. 13, 14Paragraph 13, 14 Repealed
  662. 15, 16Paragraph 15, 16 Repealed
  663. 17Paragraph 17 Repealed
  664. 18Paragraph 18
  665. 19Paragraph 19 Repealed
  666. 20Paragraph 20
  667. 21Paragraph 21 Repealed
  668. 22Paragraph 22
  669. Part II: Other Enactments
  670. Public Health Acts 1875 to 1925
  671. 23Paragraph 23
  672. 24Paragraph 24
  673. 25Paragraph 25
  674. 26Paragraph 26
  675. 27Paragraph 27
  676. 28Paragraph 28
  677. 29Paragraph 29
  678. 30Paragraph 30
  679. 31Paragraph 31
  680. 32Paragraph 32
  681. 33Paragraph 33 Repealed
  682. The Parish Councils Act 1957
  683. 34Paragraph 34
  684. The Public Health Act 1961
  685. 35Paragraph 35 Repealed
  686. 36Paragraph 36 Repealed
  687. 37Paragraph 37
  688. 38, 39Paragraph 38, 39 Repealed
  689. 40Paragraph 40
  690. 41Paragraph 41 Repealed
  691. 42Paragraph 42
  692. 43Paragraph 43 Repealed
  693. The Local Government Act 1966
  694. 44Paragraph 44 Repealed
  695. 45Paragraph 45 Repealed
  696. 46, 47Paragraph 46, 47 Repealed
  697. 48Paragraph 48 Repealed
  698. The Deposit of Poisonous Waste Act 1972
  699. 49Paragraph 49
  700. Schedule 15
  701. The Public Health Act 1936
  702. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  703. 2Paragraph 2
  704. The Water Act 1945
  705. 3Paragraph 3
  706. 4Paragraph 4
  707. Schedule 16: Functions Under, and Amendment and Modification of, Enactments Relating to Town and Country Planning
  708. Part I: Town and Country Planning Act 1971
  709. Structure and local plans
  710. 1–3Paragraph 1–3 Repealed
  711. 4–47Paragraph 4–47 Repealed
  712. 48Paragraph 48 Repealed
  713. 49–53Paragraph 49–53 Repealed
  714. Part II: Other Enactments
  715. 54Paragraph 54 Repealed
  716. The Land Compensation Act 1961
  717. 55Paragraph 55
  718. 56Paragraph 56 Repealed
  719. 57Paragraph 57 Repealed
  720. Part III
  721. 58, 59Paragraph 58, 59 Repealed
  722. Schedule 17: Functions with Respect to National Parks and the Countryside
  723. Part I: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  724. Planning Boards and National Park Committees
  725. 1Paragraph 1
  726. 2Paragraph 2
  727. 3Paragraph 3
  728. 3AParagraph 3A
  729. 3BParagraph 3B
  730. 4Paragraph 4
  731. 5Paragraph 5
  732. 6Paragraph 6
  733. 7Paragraph 7
  734. 8Paragraph 8
  735. 9Paragraph 9
  736. 10Paragraph 10
  737. 11Paragraph 11
  738. 12Paragraph 12
  739. 12AParagraph 12A
  740. 13Paragraph 13
  741. 14Paragraph 14
  742. National Park Officer
  743. 15Paragraph 15
  744. 16Paragraph 16
  745. 17Paragraph 17
  746. National Parks Plans
  747. 18Paragraph 18
  748. 19Paragraph 19
  749. Interpretation
  750. 20Paragraph 20
  751. 21Paragraph 21
  752. 21AParagraph 21A
  753. Construction of References to the Countryside Commission
  754. 21BParagraph 21B
  755. Part II: Survey of Public Paths, Etc.
  756. 22, 23Paragraph 22, 23 Repealed
  757. 24Paragraph 24
  758. 25Paragraph 25
  759. 26Paragraph 26
  760. 27Paragraph 27
  761. 28Paragraph 28 Repealed
  762. 29Paragraph 29
  763. 30Paragraph 30
  764. 31Paragraph 31
  765. 32Paragraph 32
  766. 33Paragraph 33
  767. Part III: Miscellaneous Modifications of 1949 and 1968 Acts
  768. Establishment of nature reserves by local authorities
  769. 34Paragraph 34
  770. Access to open country
  771. 35Paragraph 35 Repealed
  772. 35AParagraph 35A Repealed
  773. 36Paragraph 36
  774. 37Paragraph 37
  775. Miscellaneous
  776. 38Paragraph 38
  777. 39Paragraph 39
  778. 40Paragraph 40
  779. 41Paragraph 41
  780. Schedule 18: AMENDMENTS OF TOWN DEVELOPMENT ACT 1952
  781. 1Paragraph 1 Repealed
  782. 2Paragraph 2
  783. 3Paragraph 3
  784. 4Paragraph 4
  785. 5Paragraph 5
  786. 6Paragraph 6
  787. Schedule 19: AMENDMENTS OF ENACTMENTS RELATING TO ROAD TRAFFIC AND ABANDONED VEHICLES
  788. Part I: THE ROAD TRAFFIC ACT 1972
  789. 1Paragraph 1
  790. 2Paragraph 2
  791. 3Paragraph 3
  792. 4Paragraph 4
  793. 5Paragraph 5
  794. 6Paragraph 6
  795. Part II
  796. 7–32Paragraph 7–32 Repealed
  797. Part III
  798. 33–36Paragraph 33–36 Repealed
  799. Schedule 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  800. Schedule 21: AMENDMENTS OF ENACTMENTS RELATING TO HIGHWAYS
  801. Part I
  802. 1–95Paragraph 1–95 Repealed
  803. Part II: OTHER ENACTMENTS
  804. 96Paragraph 96 Repealed
  805. 97Paragraph 97
  806. 98Paragraph 98 Repealed
  807. 99, 100Paragraph 99, 100 Repealed
  808. Schedule 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  809. Schedule 23: AMENDMENTS OF ENACTMENTS CONFERRING SOCIAL SERVICES FUNCTIONS
  810. 1Paragraph 1 Repealed
  811. 2Paragraph 2
  812. 3Paragraph 3 Repealed
  813. 4Paragraph 4 Repealed
  814. 5Paragraph 5 Repealed
  815. 6Paragraph 6
  816. 7Paragraph 7 Repealed
  817. 8Paragraph 8 Repealed
  818. 9Paragraph 9
  819. 10Paragraph 10 Repealed
  820. 11Paragraph 11 Repealed
  821. 12Paragraph 12 Repealed
  822. 13Paragraph 13 Repealed
  823. 14Paragraph 14 Repealed
  824. 15Paragraph 15
  825. 16Paragraph 16
  826. Schedule 24: Amendments of Transport Act 1968, Part II
  827. Part I: Amendments of General Application
  828. 1Paragraph 1 Repealed
  829. 2Paragraph 2
  830. 3Paragraph 3 Repealed
  831. 4Paragraph 4
  832. 5Paragraph 5
  833. 6Paragraph 6
  834. 7Paragraph 7
  835. 8Paragraph 8
  836. Part II
  837. 9–17Paragraph 9–17 Repealed
  838. Schedule 25: Amendments of Licensing Enactments
  839. Part I: Amendments of Licensing Act 1964
  840. 1Paragraph 1 Repealed
  841. 2Paragraph 2 Repealed
  842. 3Paragraph 3 Repealed
  843. 4Paragraph 4 Repealed
  844. 5Paragraph 5 Repealed
  845. 6Paragraph 6 Repealed
  846. 7Paragraph 7 Repealed
  847. 8Paragraph 8 Repealed
  848. 9Paragraph 9 Repealed
  849. Part II
  850. 10–12Paragraph 10–12 Repealed
  851. Schedule 26: Cemeteries and Crematoria
  852. Discharge of functions of burial authorities
  853. 1Paragraph 1
  854. 2Paragraph 2
  855. 3Paragraph 3
  856. 4Paragraph 4
  857. 5Paragraph 5
  858. 6Paragraph 6
  859. 7Paragraph 7
  860. 8Paragraph 8
  861. 9Paragraph 9
  862. Provision and management of cemeteries
  863. 10Paragraph 10
  864. 11Paragraph 11
  865. 12, 13Paragraph 12, 13 Repealed
  866. 14Paragraph 14
  867. Saving, amendments and modifications of enactments
  868. 15Paragraph 15
  869. 16Paragraph 16
  870. 17Paragraph 17
  871. 18–23Paragraph 18–23 Repealed
  872. 24Paragraph 24
  873. 25Paragraph 25
  874. Schedule 27
  875. 1Paragraph 1 Repealed
  876. 2–4Paragraph 2–4 Repealed
  877. 5–10Paragraph 5–10 Repealed
  878. 11Paragraph 11 Repealed
  879. 12–15Paragraph 12–15 Repealed
  880. 16Paragraph 16 Repealed
  881. 17Paragraph 17 Repealed
  882. 18Paragraph 18 Repealed
  883. 19Paragraph 19 Repealed
  884. Schedule 28Schedule 28
  885. Schedule 28A: Amendment of laws relating to freedoms of cities and towns
  886. Introductory
  887. 1Paragraph 1
  888. Powers to amend law in respect of women and civil partners
  889. 2Paragraph 2
  890. Power to amend royal charters
  891. 3Paragraph 3
  892. Powers to amend laws established by custom
  893. 4Paragraph 4
  894. Consequential amendments
  895. 5Paragraph 5
  896. 6Paragraph 6
  897. Qualifying resolutions
  898. 7Paragraph 7
  899. 8Paragraph 8
  900. 9Paragraph 9
  901. 10Paragraph 10
  902. Order-making powers: supplementary
  903. 11Paragraph 11
  904. Schedule 29: Adaptation, Modification and Amendment of Enactments
  905. Part I: General Adaptation of Enactments
  906. 1Paragraph 1
  907. 2Paragraph 2
  908. 3Paragraph 3
  909. 4Paragraph 4
  910. 5Paragraph 5
  911. 6Paragraph 6
  912. 7Paragraph 7 Repealed
  913. 8Paragraph 8
  914. Part II: Particular Modifications and Amendments
  915. Allotments
  916. 9Paragraph 9
  917. 10Paragraph 10
  918. 11Paragraph 11 Repealed
  919. Ancient monuments
  920. 12Paragraph 12 Repealed
  921. Betting and gaming
  922. 13Paragraph 13 Repealed
  923. Caravan sites
  924. 14Paragraph 14
  925. Celluloid and cinematograph film
  926. 15Paragraph 15
  927. Children and young persons
  928. 16Paragraph 16 Repealed
  929. Coast protection
  930. 17Paragraph 17
  931. Consumer protection
  932. 18Paragraph 18
  933. Explosives
  934. 19Paragraph 19
  935. Gas
  936. 20Paragraph 20
  937. 21Paragraph 21 Repealed
  938. House to house and street collections
  939. 22Paragraph 22
  940. 23Paragraph 23
  941. 24, 25Paragraph 24, 25 Repealed
  942. Land registration
  943. 26Paragraph 26 Repealed
  944. Licensing of Places of entertainment
  945. 27Paragraph 27 Repealed
  946. 28Paragraph 28
  947. 29Paragraph 29 Repealed
  948. Nurses agencies
  949. 30Paragraph 30
  950. Offices, shops and railway premises
  951. 31Paragraph 31
  952. Petroleum spirit
  953. 32Paragraph 32
  954. Pharmacy and poisons
  955. 33Paragraph 33 Repealed
  956. Plant health
  957. 34Paragraph 34
  958. Police
  959. 35Paragraph 35 Repealed
  960. Post and telegraph offices
  961. 36Paragraph 36 Repealed
  962. 37Paragraph 37 Repealed
  963. Redistribution of seats
  964. 38Paragraph 38 Repealed
  965. 39Paragraph 39 Repealed
  966. Registration services
  967. 40Paragraph 40
  968. 41Paragraph 41
  969. Riding establishments
  970. 42Paragraph 42
  971. Shops
  972. 43Paragraph 43 Repealed
  973. Social services
  974. 44Paragraph 44
  975. War memorials
  976. 45Paragraph 45 Repealed
  977. 46Paragraph 46 Repealed
  978. Schedule 30Repeals