OpenLegislation

Education Act 1996 in Scotland

1996 c. 56 · Enacted 24 July 1996 · Extends to United Kingdom

Not fully up to date. 69 changes made by later legislation have not yet been written into this text, which is revised to 1 September 2026.

See the changes not yet applied
ProvisionChangeMade by
s. 348omittedAdditional Learning Needs and Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 Sch. 1 para. 4(11)
s. 580words omittedAdditional Learning Needs and Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 Sch. 1 para. 4(33)(c)
s. 580words omittedAdditional Learning Needs and Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 Sch. 1 para. 4(33)(f)
Sch. 36A para. 2entry omittedAdditional Learning Needs and Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 Sch. 1 para. 4(34)
s. 569(5)(6)omittedAdditional Learning Needs and Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 Sch. 1 para. 4(30)(c)
s. 569(2B)words omittedAdditional Learning Needs and Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 Sch. 1 para. 4(30)(a)(i)
s. 580words omittedTertiary Education and Research (Wales) Act 2022 Sch. 4 para. 8(9)
s. 489 headingwords substitutedTertiary Education and Research (Wales) Act 2022 Sch. 4 para. 8(6)(c)
s. 578entry addedTertiary Education and Research (Wales) Act 2022 s. 149(2)
s. 489(2)omittedTertiary Education and Research (Wales) Act 2022 Sch. 4 para. 8(6)(b)
s. 489(1)words substitutedTertiary Education and Research (Wales) Act 2022 Sch. 4 para. 8(6)(a)
s. 484omittedTertiary Education and Research (Wales) Act 2022 Sch. 4 para. 8(5)
s. 8(2)(3)appliedTertiary Education and Research (Wales) Act 2022 s. 144(7)
Sch. 37 para. 98repealedTeaching and Higher Education Act 1998 Sch. 4
Sch. 37 para. 4-7repealedTeaching and Higher Education Act 1998 Sch. 4
Sch. 11-13repealedSchool Standards and Framework Act 1998 Sch. 30 para. 185 Sch. 31
Sch. 17-19repealedSchool Standards and Framework Act 1998 Sch. 30 para. 185 Sch. 31
Sch. 22 para. 1-14repealedSchool Standards and Framework Act 1998 Sch. 30 para. 185 Sch. 31
Sch. 23-25ArepealedSchool Standards and Framework Act 1998 Sch. 30 para. 185 Sch. 31
s. 19excludedNationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 s. 36(5)(c)(10)
s. 13modifiedNationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 s. 36(1)(10)
s. 316(2)(3)excludedNationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 s. 36(5)(d)(10)
s. 326(3)restrictedNationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 s. 36(6)
s. 329AmodifiedNationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 s. 36(9)(b)
Sch. 27 para. 3excludedNationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 s. 36(5)(e)(10)
Sch. 27 para. 8excludedNationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 s. 36(5)(e)(10)
s. 559(4)(b)words substitutedCriminal Justice Act 2003 Sch. 26 para. 49(3)
s. 444(8A)(b)words substitutedCriminal Justice Act 2003 Sch. 26 para. 49(2)
Sch. 37 para. 59repealedSustainable and Secure Buildings Act 2004 Sch.
s. 508FinsertedEducation and Inspections Act 2006 s. 81
s. 548(7A)(7B)insertedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 9(5)
s. 580 Tableentries insertedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 11
s. 580 Tablewords substitutedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 10
s. 6(2)substitutedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 6
s. 313(5)word substitutedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 7
s. 439(2)words insertedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 49
s. 537AAinsertedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 8
s. 548(1)(a)words substitutedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 9(2)(a)
s. 548(1)(b)words substitutedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 9(2)(b)
s. 548(1)(c)words substitutedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 9(2)(b)
s. 548(2)words substitutedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 9(3)
s. 548(6)(a)words substitutedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 9(4)(a)
s. 548(6)(b)(i)word substitutedEducation and Skills Act 2008 Sch. 1 para. 9(4)(b)
s. 17A-17DinsertedApprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 s. 45
s. 457(4)(b)(i)repealedWelfare Reform Act 2009 Sch. 7 Pt. 1
s. 512ZB(4)(a)(i)repealedWelfare Reform Act 2009 Sch. 7 Pt. 1
s. 512ZB(4)(b)(i)repealedWelfare Reform Act 2009 Sch. 7 Pt. 1
s. 19(2)(a)words substitutedChildren, Schools and Families Act 2010 Sch. 3 para. 1
s. 19(6)words repealedChildren, Schools and Families Act 2010 Sch. 4 Pt. 1
s. 19(2B)(a)words substitutedChildren, Schools and Families Act 2010 Sch. 3 para. 1
s. 457(4)(i)-(iia)repealedWelfare Reform Act 2012 Sch. 14 Pt. 1
s. 579(1)words repealedWelfare Reform Act 2012 Sch. 14 Pt. 1
s. 457(4)(iii)words repealedWelfare Reform Act 2012 Sch. 14 Pt. 1
s. 564(3)words substitutedData (Use and Access) Act 2025 Sch. 3 para. 23(3)(b)
s. 564(1)words substitutedData (Use and Access) Act 2025 Sch. 3 para. 23(2)
s. 564(3)words substitutedData (Use and Access) Act 2025 Sch. 3 para. 23(3)(a)
s. 564(4)words substitutedData (Use and Access) Act 2025 Sch. 3 para. 23(4)(a)
s. 564(4)words substitutedData (Use and Access) Act 2025 Sch. 3 para. 23(4)(b)
s. 564(4)words insertedData (Use and Access) Act 2025 Sch. 3 para. 23(4)(c)
s. 447(1)word substitutedChildren’s Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 2(5)
s. 447(2)(a)word substitutedChildren’s Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 2(5)
s. 447A and cross-headinginsertedChildren’s Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 2(6)
s. 437-443 and cross-headingsomittedChildren’s Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 2(2)
s. 444 cross-headinginsertedChildren’s Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 2(3)
s. 580words substitutedChildren’s Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 2(7)
s. 445(1)word substitutedChildren’s Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 2(5)
s. 445 cross-headinginsertedChildren’s Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 2(4)
s. 436U and cross-headinginsertedChildren’s Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 s. 41
s. 446word substitutedChildren’s Wellbeing and Schools Act 2026 Sch. 2 para. 2(5)

An Act to consolidate the Education Act 1944 and certain other enactments relating to education, with amendments to give effect to recommendations of the Law Commission.

[24th July 1996]

C1C2C3C4C5Be it enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—C6C7C8C9C10C11C12C13C14C15C16C17C18C19C20C21

Annotations to the whole text

Modifications

C1

Act to be construed with 1996 c. 57 (1.11.1996) by virtue of 1996 c. 57, ss. 46(4), 48(2)

Act to be construed with 1997 c. 44 (14.6.1997) by virtue of 1997 c. 44, s. 56(2); S.I. 1997/1468, art. 2(1), Sch. 1 Pt. I

Act to be construed with 1997 c. 59, ss. 1-3 (31.7.1997) by virtue of 1997 c. 59, s. 4(3)

Act to be construed with 1998 c. 18 (11.9.1998) by virtue of 1998 c. 18, ss. 36(6), 55(2)

Act to be construed with 1998 c. 31 (24.7.1998) by virtue of 1998 c. 31, s. 142(8)(9)

Act to be construed with specified provisions of Education Act 2002 (24.7.2002) by virtue of Education Act 2002 (c. 32), ss. 212(2)-(4), 216(1) (with ss. 210(8), 214(4))

C2

Act applied (24.7.1998) by 1998 c. 31, ss. 20, 145(4), Sch. 2 para. 3

Act applied (1.6.2001) by S.I. 2001/1507, reg. 2, Sch. 2 para. 2

C3

Act excluded (26.5.1999) by S.I. 1999/1287, reg. 5(2)(3)

C4

Act: powers transferred in part (1.7.1999) by S.I. 1999/672, art. 2, Sch. 1; S.I. 1999/3178, art. 2(1)

Act: power to delegate certain functions restricted (1.9.1999) by S.I. 1999/2242, reg. 42(1)(5)

Act: certain functions of a local education authority made exercisable (E.) (1.4.2002) by authorised persons by Contracting Out (Local Education Authority Functions) (England) Order 2002 (S.I. 2002/928), art. 3, Sch. 1

C5

Act modified (1.9.1999) by 1998 c. 31, s. 126

C6

Act construed with 1998 c. 38, s. 145B (as inserted (1.4.2005) by Public Audit (Wales) Act 2004 (c. 23), ss. 4, 73; S.I. 2005/558, art. 2, Sch. 1)

C7

Act applied (1.4.2005) by The Central Sussex College (Government) Regulations 2005 (S.I. 2005/397), Sch. 2 para. 2

C8

Act modified (7.4.2005) by Education Act 2005 (c. 18), s. 96(2)

C9

Act modified (7.4.2005) by Education Act 2005 (c. 18), s. 122

C10

Act Education Acts modified (temp.) (1.4.2007) by Education and Inspections Act 2006 (c. 40), s. 188(3), Sch. 6 para. 3(3); S.I. 2007/935, art. 5(bb)

C11

Act modified (12.11.2009) by Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009 (c. 22), s. 264(5)

C12

Act modified (27.7.2010) by Academies Act 2010 (c. 32), s. 17(4)

C13

Act modified (29.7.2010) by Academies Act 2010 (c. 32), ss. 4(6), 19(2); S.I. 2010/1937, art. 2, Sch. 1

C14

Act applied (with modifications) (1.10.2010) by The Employment and Support Allowance (Transitional Provisions, Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit) (Existing Awards) Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/875), regs. 1(2), 16, Sch. 2 (which amending S.I. was revoked (27.8.2010) by S.I. 2010/1906, reg. 2)

C15

Act applied (with modifications) (1.10.2010) by The Employment and Support Allowance (Transitional Provisions, Housing Benefit and Council Tax Benefit) (Existing Awards) (No. 2) Regulations 2010 (S.I. 2010/1907), reg. 16(2)(c), Sch. 2

C16

Act construed as one with 2013 anaw 1 (26.4.2013 for specified purposes, 4.5.2013 in so far as not already in force) by School Standards and Organisation (Wales) Act 2013 (anaw 1), s. 98(1)(2), 100(4); S.I. 2013/1000, arts. 2(d), 3(b)

C17

Act modified (1.9.2013) by The Operation of the Local Curriculum (Wales) Regulations 2013 (S.I. 2013/1793), reg. 4

C18

Act modified (1.9.2014) by Children and Families Act 2014 (c. 6), ss. 100(6), 139(6); S.I. 2014/889, art. 7(c)

C19

Act modified (1.9.2014) by Children and Families Act 2014 (c. 6), ss. 83(7), 139(6); S.I. 2014/889, art. 7(a) (with savings and transitional provisions in S.I. 2014/2270 (as amended (1.4.2015) by S.I. 2015/505)

C20

Act: to be construed as one with this Act (5.8.2015) by virtue of Qualifications Wales Act 2015 (anaw 5), ss. 57(1)(2), 60(1)(c)

C21

Act modified (25.1.2018) by Additional Learning Needs and Education Tribunal (Wales) Act 2018 (anaw 2), s. 99(6)(7)

Contents

  1. General
  2. 7Duty of parents to secure education of children of compulsory school age.
  3. Education in accordance with parental wishes
  4. 10General duty of Secretary of State.
  5. The authorities
  6. 14ADuty of local authority to consider parental representations
  7. 15ZDSections 15ZA to 15ZC: duty to have regard to guidance
  8. Establishment etc. of schools
  9. Contribution of individual schools
  10. 19BSchools to co-operate with local authority in securing adequate provision (England)
  11. The Authorities
  12. Functions
  13. Supplemental
  14. Allocation of functions
  15. Provision of information
  16. County schools: establishment, alteration or change of site
  17. Voluntary schools: establishment, alteration or change of site
  18. Status of new voluntary school
  19. Proposals for a middle school
  20. Division of a single school into two or more schools
  21. Change of status from controlled school to aided school
  22. Change of status from aided or special agreement school to controlled or aided school
  23. Obligations of governing bodies
  24. Obligations of LEAs as regards new sites and buildings
  25. Financial assistance for controlled schools
  26. Financial assistance by Secretary of State for aided and special agreement schools
  27. Miscellaneous and supplemental
  28. Instruments of government
  29. Categories of governor
  30. Governing bodies of county, controlled and maintained special schools
  31. Governing bodies of aided and special agreement schools
  32. Governing bodies: general
  33. Grouping of schools under a single governing body
  34. Government of new schools
  35. Grouping of new schools
  36. Chapter VI: Conduct and staffing of county, voluntary and maintained special schools
  37. Articles of government
  38. Conduct of schools: general
  39. Staffing of schools without delegated budgets
  40. Staffing of schools with delegated budgets
  41. Appointment and dismissal of teachers of religious education
  42. Religious opinions of staff etc.
  43. School terms, holidays and sessions
  44. Control of school premises
  45. Instruction or training outside school premises
  46. Discipline: general
  47. Reports, meetings and information
  48. New schools
  49. Chapter VII: Discontinuance of local education authority schools
  50. Procedure for discontinuance of county, voluntary or maintained nursery school by local education authority
  51. Discontinuance of voluntary school by governing body
  52. Chapter VIII: Miscellaneous and supplementary provisions
  53. Further education
  54. Teacher training
  55. Modification of employment law
  56. Modification of trust deeds and other instruments
  57. Interpretation of Part II
  58. Chapter I: Preliminary
  59. Chapter II: Procedure for acquisition of grant-maintained status
  60. Eligibility
  61. Initiation of procedure
  62. Information
  63. Ballot of parents
  64. Approval and implementation of proposals
  65. Expenses in connection with proposals
  66. Alteration of county school proposed for grant-maintained status
  67. Supplementary
  68. Chapter III: Property, staff and contracts
  69. Transfer of property and staff, etc.
  70. Effect of pending procedure for acquisition of grant-maintained status on property disposals, etc.
  71. Supplementary
  72. Chapter IV: Establishing new grant-maintained schools
  73. Proposals for establishment of new grant-maintained school
  74. Approval and implementation of proposals
  75. Supplementary
  76. Chapter V: Government, conduct etc. of grant-maintained schools
  77. The governing instruments
  78. Governors
  79. Powers
  80. Schools acquiring grant-maintained status: determination etc. of initial governors
  81. New grant-maintained schools: determination etc. of initial governors
  82. General and supplementary
  83. Chapter VI: Funding of grant-maintained schools
  84. Grants: general
  85. Grants: Wales (until establishment of the SFCW)
  86. Loans
  87. Recovery from local funds
  88. Chapter VII: Alteration etc. of grant-maintained schools
  89. Chapter VIII: Discontinuance of grant-maintained schools
  90. Proposals for discontinuance
  91. Withdrawal of grant
  92. Winding up and disposal of property
  93. Chapter IX: Groups of grant-maintained schools
  94. Middle schools
  95. Nursery education
  96. Further education
  97. Teacher training
  98. Provision of benefits and services by local education authority
  99. Transfer and disposal of premises
  100. Modification of instruments
  101. Religious opinions etc. of staff
  102. Appeal committees
  103. Supplementary
  104. Interpretation
  105. Introductory
  106. 311AApplication of this Chapter: children in Wales
  107. Code of Practice
  108. 319Special educational provision otherwise than in schools.
  109. 320Provision outside England and Wales for certain children.
  110. 331Assessment of educational needs of children under two.
  111. Appeals by children
  112. General duties of local authorities
  113. 332CProvision of information Repealed
  114. 332DPublication of information Repealed
  115. 332EInterpretation of sections 332C and 332D Repealed
  116. 337AInterpretation of Chapter
  117. Non-maintained special schools in England: protection of pupils in an emergency
  118. 342AApplication to justice of the peace: power to make regulations
  119. Non-maintained special schools in England: appeals
  120. 342BAppeal against decision of Secretary of State
  121. 342CAppeal against order of justice of peace
  122. 343. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Repealed
  123. Government etc. of special schools
  124. Maintained special school becoming grant-maintained
  125. Grouping of grant-maintained special schools
  126. Variation of deeds
  127. Chapter I: Preliminary
  128. Chapter II: Secular education
  129. The National Curriculum: general
  130. The School Curriculum and Assessment Authority
  131. The Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales
  132. The National Curriculum: special cases
  133. The National Curriculum: supplementary provisions
  134. General functions of LEA, governing body and head teacher in relation to curriculum
  135. Required provision for religious education
  136. Religious worship
  137. Exceptions and special arrangements
  138. Courses leading to external qualifications
  139. Obligation to enter pupils for public examinations
  140. Politics
  141. Information
  142. Nursery education
  143. Admission arrangements for county and voluntary schools
  144. New county and voluntary schools
  145. Nursery and special schools, etc.
  146. Admissions appeals relating to grant-maintained schools
  147. Co-ordinated arrangements for admissions
  148. Power to direct admission of child to school
  149. Time for admission of pupils
  150. Registration of pupils
  151. Withdrawal of children from school: local authority involvement
  152. 434ALocal authority consent for withdrawal of certain children from school
  153. 434BMandatory local authority meetings prior to withdrawal of child from school
  154. Withdrawal of pupils from primary school for secondary education
  155. 435Withdrawal of pupils from a primary school for secondary education.
  156. Supplementary
  157. Children not receiving suitable education
  158. 436ADuty to make arrangements to identify children not receiving education
  159. Children not in school
  160. 436BDuty to register children not in school
  161. 436CContent and maintenance of registers
  162. 436DProvision of information to local authorities: parents Not yet in force
  163. 436EProvision of information to local authorities: education providers
  164. 436FUse of information in the register
  165. 436GSupport Not yet in force
  166. School attendance orders
  167. 436HPreliminary notice for school attendance order Not yet in force
  168. 436ISchool attendance orders
  169. 436JSchool attendance order for child with EHC plan (England) Not yet in force
  170. 436KSchool attendance order for child with individual development plan (Wales) Not yet in force
  171. 436LSchool nomination notice for school attendance order Not yet in force
  172. 436MSchool nomination notice: restrictions Not yet in force
  173. 436NSchool nomination notice: procedure Not yet in force
  174. 436OAmendment of school attendance order Not yet in force
  175. 436PRevocation of school attendance order Not yet in force
  176. 436QOffence of failure to comply with school attendance order Not yet in force
  177. 436RReferences to “Academy school” and “Academy arrangements” Not yet in force
  178. 436SReferences to “regulations” and “prescribed”
  179. Children not in school and school attendance orders: processing of information
  180. 436TProcessing of information
  181. School attendance orders
  182. 441AChoice of school: child with individual development plan which names a school
  183. 443Offence: failure to comply with school attendance order.
  184. 445Presumption of age.
  185. 446Institution of proceedings.
  186. Exemption
  187. Prohibition of charges
  188. 452Application of section 451 where education is provided partly during and partly outside school hours etc.
  189. 453Examinations: prohibition of charges and recovery of wasted fees.
  190. 454Prohibition of incidental charges.
  191. Permitted charges
  192. Supplementary
  193. 459Provision of information.
  194. 460Contributions and charges unaffected by Chapter III.
  195. 461Recovery of sums as civil debt.
  196. 462Interpretation of Chapter III.
  197. Chapter I: Preliminary
  198. Registration
  199. 464Separate registration for England and for Wales. Repealed
  200. 465Provisional and final registration of a school. Repealed
  201. 466Enforcement of registration: offences. Repealed
  202. 472Effect of personal disqualification. Repealed
  203. 473Enforcement of disqualification. Repealed
  204. 473ARemoval of disqualification: persons no longer unsuitable to work with children. Repealed
  205. 475Duty of Registrar to comply with order for the deletion of a school from the register. Repealed
  206. Independent Schools Tribunals
  207. 476Constitution and proceedings of Independent Schools Tribunals. Repealed
  208. Supplementary
  209. 477Disqualification in Scotland. Repealed
  210. 478Offences: institution of proceedings and punishment. Repealed
  211. Chapter III: Assisted places at independent schools
  212. Part VIII: Grants and other financial matters
  213. 485Grants in aid of educational services or research.
  214. 486Grants to bodies whose objects are promotion of learning or research. Repealed
  215. 487Grants for education in Welsh. Repealed
  216. 488Grants for education of travellers and displaced persons. Repealed
  217. Recoupment
  218. 493Recoupment: cross-border provisions.
  219. 495Determination of disputes.
  220. 497CAcademies: power to secure performance of proprietor’s duties
  221. Membership of education committees
  222. Rationalisation of school places
  223. Medical examinations
  224. 506Power to require medical examination of pupils.
  225. Local inquiries
  226. 507ALocal authorities in England: functions in respect of recreational and training facilities for children under 13
  227. 508BLocal authorities in England: travel arrangements for eligible children
  228. 508DGuidance etc in relation to sections 508B and 508C
  229. 508ELocal authorities in England: school travel schemes
  230. 508HGuidance: sections 508F and 508G
  231. 511Provisions supplementary to section 510.
  232. 512BProvision of school lunches: Academies
  233. 512CSchool food standards: Academies
  234. 513Provision of meals etc. at schools not maintained by local authorities.
  235. Payment of fees
  236. Allowances for governors
  237. Medical arrangements
  238. Cleanliness of pupils
  239. 522Compulsory cleansing of a pupil.
  240. 523Arrangements for cleansing of pupils.
  241. Educational research and conferences
  242. 526Powers as to educational research.
  243. 527Powers as to educational conferences.
  244. Plans relating to children with behavioural difficulties
  245. Acquisition and holding of property
  246. Appointment of chief education officer
  247. 532CPilot schemes: local authorities and duration Repealed
  248. Provision of services
  249. Medical arrangements
  250. 537BProvision of information about children receiving funded education outside school
  251. 538APower to direct participation in international surveys
  252. Part X: Miscellaneous and general
  253. Required standards for educational premises
  254. Control of potentially harmful materials and apparatus
  255. Nuisance or disturbance on school premises
  256. Corporal punishment
  257. Powers to search pupils
  258. Detention
  259. Chapter 2A: Guidance on mobile phones etc: schools in England
  260. 550CGuidance on use of mobile phones etc in schools in England
  261. Duration of school day etc.
  262. ... School uniforms
  263. 551ZASchool uniforms: limits on branded items
  264. 551AGuidance about the costs of school uniforms: England
  265. Breakfast clubs
  266. 551BFree breakfast club provision in primary schools in England
  267. Single-sex schools
  268. Educational trusts
  269. 553Schemes under the Endowed Schools Acts.
  270. Religious educational trusts
  271. 555Procedure applicable to orders under section 554.
  272. 558Meaning of “child” for purposes of enactments relating to employment of children or young persons.
  273. 561Act not to apply to persons in service of the Crown.
  274. Chapter 5A: Persons detained in youth accommodation
  275. Provisions applying to detained persons
  276. 562AApplication of Act to detained persons
  277. 562BDuty to take steps to promote fulfilment of potential
  278. 562CDetained persons with statement of special educational needs
  279. 562DAppropriate special educational provision: arrangements between local authorities
  280. 562ELiteracy and numeracy assessments
  281. 562FProvision of information about detained persons
  282. 562GInformation to be provided where statement of special educational needs previously maintained
  283. 562HRelease of detained person appearing to host authority to require assessment
  284. 562IGuidance
  285. 562JInterpretation of Chapter
  286. Chapter VI: General
  287. 565Evidence: presumption as to age.
  288. Orders, regulations and directions
  289. 569Regulations.
  290. 569ARegulations made by Welsh Ministers under Chapter 5A Repealed
  291. 574Changes to school not amounting to discontinuance etc.
  292. Final provisions
  293. 582Consequential amendments, repeals, transitional provisions etc.
  294. 583Short title, commencement and extent.
  295. 1Paragraph 1
  296. 2Paragraph 2
  297. Modifications of enactments by regulations
  298. 3Paragraph 3
  299. Registration
  300. 4Paragraph 4
  301. Application of Local Government Act 1986
  302. Discipline
  303. Charges
  304. 9Paragraph 9
  305. Application of Environmental Protection Act 1990
  306. 10Paragraph 10
  307. Information
  308. 11Paragraph 11
  309. Disapplication of Schedule 4
  310. Children with special educational needs
  311. School attendance orders
  312. 14Paragraph 14
  313. Part I: Statements under section 122(2)
  314. 1Paragraph 1
  315. 2Paragraph 2
  316. 3Paragraph 3
  317. 4Paragraph 4
  318. Part II: Statements under section 124(1)
  319. 5Paragraph 5
  320. 6Paragraph 6
  321. 7Paragraph 7
  322. 8Paragraph 8
  323. Preliminary
  324. 1Paragraph 1
  325. New county and voluntary schools
  326. 2Paragraph 2
  327. 3Paragraph 3
  328. 4Paragraph 4
  329. 5Paragraph 5
  330. 6Paragraph 6
  331. 7Paragraph 7
  332. New special schools
  333. 8Paragraph 8
  334. 9Paragraph 9
  335. Financial delegation apart from schemes
  336. 10Paragraph 10
  337. The selection panel
  338. 1Paragraph 1
  339. 2Paragraph 2
  340. Appointment of head teacher
  341. 3Paragraph 3
  342. Appointment of deputy head teacher
  343. 4Paragraph 4
  344. Appointment of other staff: general
  345. 5Paragraph 5
  346. Appointment of other staff: vacancy advertised
  347. 6Paragraph 6
  348. Appointment of other staff: vacancy not advertised
  349. 7Paragraph 7
  350. Delegation of functions under paragraph 6 or 7
  351. 8Paragraph 8
  352. Restriction on making appointment where vacancy advertised
  353. 9Paragraph 9
  354. Consultation by local authority before appointing certain non-teaching staff
  355. 10Paragraph 10
  356. Dismissal etc. of staff
  357. 11Paragraph 11
  358. General
  359. 2Paragraph 2
  360. 3Paragraph 3
  361. 4Paragraph 4
  362. 5Paragraph 5
  363. 6Paragraph 6
  364. 7Paragraph 7
  365. 7AParagraph 7A
  366. 8Paragraph 8
  367. 9Paragraph 9
  368. 9AParagraph 9A
  369. 9BParagraph 9B
  370. 9CParagraph 9C
  371. 9DParagraph 9D
  372. 9EParagraph 9E
  373. 9FParagraph 9F
  374. Power of Secretary of State to make amendments
  375. 10Paragraph 10
  376. Proceedings at an annual parents’ meeting
  377. 1Paragraph 1
  378. 2Paragraph 2
  379. 3Paragraph 3
  380. Consideration of resolutions passed at an annual parents’ meeting
  381. 4Paragraph 4
  382. Determination of question whether person is to be treated as pupil’s parent
  383. 5Paragraph 5
  384. Part I: General
  385. Articles of government for new schools
  386. 1Paragraph 1
  387. 2Paragraph 2
  388. Conduct of new schools: general
  389. 3Paragraph 3
  390. 4Paragraph 4
  391. Part II: Staffing of new schools: financial delegation not proposed
  392. Staffing of new county, controlled or maintained special schools
  393. 5Paragraph 5
  394. 6Paragraph 6
  395. 7Paragraph 7
  396. 8Paragraph 8
  397. 9Paragraph 9
  398. 10Paragraph 10
  399. 11Paragraph 11
  400. 12Paragraph 12
  401. Staffing of new aided schools
  402. 13Paragraph 13
  403. 14Paragraph 14
  404. 15Paragraph 15
  405. 16Paragraph 16
  406. Expenditure on staff for new schools
  407. 17Paragraph 17
  408. Part III: Staffing of new schools: financial delegation proposed
  409. Adaptation of references
  410. 18Paragraph 18
  411. Application or otherwise of provisions about staffing
  412. 19Paragraph 19
  413. 20Paragraph 20
  414. 21Paragraph 21
  415. 23Paragraph 23
  416. 24Paragraph 24
  417. Part IV: Other matters relating to conduct etc. of new schools
  418. Preparation of curriculum
  419. 25Paragraph 25
  420. School terms, holidays and sessions
  421. 26Paragraph 26
  422. Discipline
  423. Reports and information
  424. 28Paragraph 28
  425. Consultation on expenditure by local authority
  426. 29Paragraph 29
  427. Introductory
  428. 1Paragraph 1
  429. Election of governors
  430. 2Paragraph 2
  431. Disqualification for, tenure of and removal from office
  432. 3Paragraph 3
  433. 4Paragraph 4
  434. 5Paragraph 5
  435. 6Paragraph 6
  436. 7Paragraph 7
  437. 8Paragraph 8
  438. 9Paragraph 9
  439. Initial appointments: terms of office
  440. 10Paragraph 10
  441. Meetings and proceedings
  442. 11Paragraph 11
  443. 12Paragraph 12
  444. 13Paragraph 13
  445. Information as to meetings and proceedings
  446. 14Paragraph 14
  447. Allowances for governors
  448. Seal etc.
  449. 16Paragraph 16
  450. Introductory
  451. 1Paragraph 1
  452. Performance and delegation of functions
  453. 2Paragraph 2
  454. Staff
  455. 3Paragraph 3
  456. Curriculum
  457. 4Paragraph 4
  458. Admission arrangements
  459. 5Paragraph 5
  460. Appeals relating to admission and exclusion of pupils
  461. Annual reports
  462. 7Paragraph 7
  463. Annual parents’ meetings
  464. 8Paragraph 8
  465. Part I: Introductory
  466. Application
  467. 1Paragraph 1
  468. General interpretation
  469. 2Paragraph 2
  470. 3Paragraph 3
  471. 4Paragraph 4
  472. Part II: Initial governors
  473. Parent governors
  474. 5Paragraph 5
  475. Teacher governors
  476. 6Paragraph 6
  477. First governors
  478. 7Paragraph 7
  479. Foundation governors
  480. 8Paragraph 8
  481. Sponsor governors
  482. 9Paragraph 9
  483. Part III: Governors other than initial governors
  484. Parent governors
  485. 10Paragraph 10
  486. Teacher governors
  487. 11Paragraph 11
  488. First governors
  489. 12Paragraph 12
  490. Foundation governors
  491. 13Paragraph 13
  492. Sponsor governors
  493. 14Paragraph 14
  494. Introductory
  495. 1Paragraph 1
  496. Kinds of core governor
  497. 2Paragraph 2
  498. Groups consisting only of former voluntary schools or section 212 schools
  499. 3Paragraph 3
  500. Other groups
  501. 4Paragraph 4
  502. Introductory
  503. 1Paragraph 1
  504. Procedure on appeal
  505. 2Paragraph 2
  506. 3Paragraph 3
  507. 4Paragraph 4
  508. 5Paragraph 5
  509. 6Paragraph 6
  510. 7Paragraph 7
  511. 8Paragraph 8
  512. 9Paragraph 9
  513. 10Paragraph 10
  514. 11Paragraph 11
  515. 12Paragraph 12
  516. 13Paragraph 13
  517. Power of Secretary of State to make amendments
  518. 14Paragraph 14
  519. Introductory
  520. 1Paragraph 1
  521. Medical and other advice
  522. 2Paragraph 2
  523. Manner, and timing, of assessments, etc.
  524. Attendance at examinations
  525. Offence
  526. 5Paragraph 5
  527. Introductory
  528. 2AAmendments to a statement
  529. 2BProvision of additional information
  530. Representations
  531. Making the statement
  532. Service of statement
  533. Keeping, disclosure and transfer of statements
  534. 7Paragraph 7
  535. Change of named school
  536. Procedure for amending or ceasing to maintain a statement
  537. Duty to convene conference to reconsider agreed syllabus
  538. 1Paragraph 1
  539. 2Paragraph 2
  540. 3Paragraph 3
  541. 5Paragraph 5
  542. 6Paragraph 6
  543. 9Paragraph 9
  544. Special provisions applicable where order under section 27(1)(b) applies
  545. Schedule 31A: Failure to provide information under section 436E: monetary penalties
  546. 1Warning notice Not yet in force
  547. 2Representations Not yet in force
  548. 3Imposition of penalty Not yet in force
  549. 4Penalty notice Not yet in force
  550. 5Consequences of late payment
  551. 6Appeals Not yet in force
  552. 7Enforcement Not yet in force
  553. ... Repealed
  554. Paragraph Repealed
  555. Repealed
  556. Paragraph Repealed
  557. Repealed
  558. Paragraph Repealed
  559. Repealed
  560. Paragraph Repealed
  561. Repealed
  562. Paragraph Repealed
  563. 2Restriction on disposal Repealed
  564. 3Paragraph 3 Repealed
  565. 4Paragraph 4 Repealed
  566. 5Restriction on appropriation Repealed
  567. 6Paragraph 6 Repealed
  568. 7Duty to inform Repealed
  569. 8Former Academies Repealed
  570. 10Other Acts Repealed
  571. 12Class consents Repealed
  572. 13Interpretation Repealed
  573. Schedule 35B: Meaning of “eligible child” for purposes of section 508B
  574. 1Paragraph 1
  575. Children with special educational needs, a disability or mobility problems
  576. 2Paragraph 2
  577. 3Paragraph 3
  578. Children who cannot reasonably be expected to walk because of nature of routes
  579. 4Paragraph 4
  580. 5Paragraph 5
  581. Children outside walking distance where no suitable alternative arrangements made
  582. 6Paragraph 6
  583. 7Paragraph 7
  584. 8Paragraph 8
  585. Children entitled to free school meals etc
  586. 9Paragraph 9
  587. 10Paragraph 10
  588. 11Paragraph 11
  589. 12Paragraph 12
  590. 13Paragraph 13
  591. 14Paragraph 14
  592. Meaning of “qualifying school” etc
  593. 15Paragraph 15
  594. Schedule 35C: School Travel Schemes
  595. Power to make scheme
  596. 1Paragraph 1
  597. Arrangements to be included in scheme
  598. 2Paragraph 2
  599. Travel arrangements for “eligible children”
  600. 3Paragraph 3
  601. 4Paragraph 4
  602. Charges
  603. 5Paragraph 5
  604. 6Paragraph 6
  605. 7Paragraph 7
  606. 8Paragraph 8
  607. 9Paragraph 9
  608. Commencement of scheme
  609. 10Paragraph 10
  610. Amendment or revocation of scheme
  611. 11Paragraph 11
  612. Provision of information
  613. 12Paragraph 12
  614. Guidance
  615. 13Paragraph 13
  616. Interpretation
  617. 14Paragraph 14
  618. 1Paragraph 1
  619. Schedule 36A: Education functions
  620. 1Paragraph 1
  621. 2Paragraph 2
  622. Schedule 37: Consequential amendments
  623. Part I: Amendments coming into force on 1st November 1996
  624. Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (c. 12)
  625. 1Paragraph 1
  626. Public Records Act 1958 (c. 51)
  627. 2Paragraph 2
  628. Church Schools (Assistance by Church Commissioners) Measure 1958 (1958 No. 2)
  629. 3Paragraph 3
  630. Education Act 1962 (c. 12)
  631. 4Paragraph 4
  632. 5Paragraph 5
  633. 6Paragraph 6
  634. 7Paragraph 7
  635. London Government Act 1963 (c. 33)
  636. 8Paragraph 8
  637. Children and Young Persons Act 1963 (c. 37)
  638. 10Paragraph 10
  639. 11Paragraph 11
  640. Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966 (c. 36)
  641. 12Paragraph 12
  642. Education Act 1967 (c. 3)
  643. 13Paragraph 13 Repealed
  644. Public Expenditure and Receipts Act 1968 (c. 14)
  645. 14Paragraph 14
  646. Children and Young Persons Act 1969 (c. 54)
  647. 15Paragraph 15 Repealed
  648. 16Paragraph 16 Repealed
  649. Local Authorities (Goods and Services) Act 1970 (c. 39)
  650. Local Authority Social Services Act 1970 (c. 42)
  651. 18Paragraph 18
  652. Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970 (c. 44)
  653. 19Paragraph 19
  654. Pensions (Increase) Act 1971 (c. 56)
  655. 20Paragraph 20
  656. Superannuation Act 1972 (c. 11)
  657. 21Paragraph 21
  658. Local Government Act 1972 (c. 70)
  659. 22Paragraph 22
  660. 23Paragraph 23
  661. 24Paragraph 24
  662. 25Paragraph 25
  663. Fair Trading Act 1973 (c. 41)
  664. 26Paragraph 26 Repealed
  665. Local Government Act 1974 (c. 7)
  666. 28Paragraph 28
  667. 29Paragraph 29
  668. House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 (c. 24)
  669. 30Paragraph 30
  670. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (c. 65)
  671. 31Paragraph 31 Repealed
  672. 32Paragraph 32 Repealed
  673. 34Paragraph 34 Repealed
  674. 35Paragraph 35 Repealed
  675. 36Paragraph 36 Repealed
  676. Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1976 (c. 34)
  677. 38Paragraph 38
  678. Race Relations Act 1976 (c. 74)
  679. 39Paragraph 39 Repealed
  680. 40Paragraph 40 Repealed
  681. 43Paragraph 43 Repealed
  682. National Health Service Act 1977 (c. 49)
  683. 44Paragraph 44 Repealed
  684. Education Act 1980 (c.20)
  685. 47Paragraph 47
  686. Education (Scotland) Act 1980 (c. 44)
  687. 48Paragraph 48
  688. Local Government, Planning and Land Act 1980 (c.65)
  689. 49Paragraph 49 Repealed
  690. Acquisition of Land Act 1981 (c. 67)
  691. 50Paragraph 50
  692. 51Paragraph 51
  693. Greater London Council (General Powers) Act 1981 (c. xvii)
  694. 52Paragraph 52
  695. Agricultural Training Board Act 1982 (c. 9)
  696. 53Paragraph 53 Repealed
  697. Industrial Training Act 1982 (c. 10)
  698. 54Paragraph 54
  699. Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982 (c. 30)
  700. 55Paragraph 55 Repealed
  701. Representation of the People Act 1983 (c. 2)
  702. 56Paragraph 56
  703. Education (Fees and Awards) Act 1983 (c. 40)
  704. 57Paragraph 57
  705. Registered Homes Act 1984 (c. 23)
  706. 58Paragraph 58 Repealed
  707. Building Act 1984 (c. 55)
  708. 59Paragraph 59
  709. Greater London Council (General Powers) Act 1984 (c. xxvii)
  710. 60Paragraph 60
  711. Further Education Act 1985 (c. 47)
  712. 61Paragraph 61
  713. Housing Act 1985 (c. 68)
  714. 62Paragraph 62
  715. Local Government Act 1986 (c. 10)
  716. 63Paragraph 63 Repealed
  717. Disabled Persons (Services, Consultation and Representation) Act 1986 (c. 33)
  718. 64Paragraph 64
  719. Education (No. 2) Act 1986 (c. 61)
  720. 65Paragraph 65 Repealed
  721. 66Paragraph 66
  722. Reverter of Sites Act 1987 (c. 15)
  723. 67Paragraph 67
  724. Local Government Act 1988 (c. 9)
  725. 68Paragraph 68
  726. Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33)
  727. 69Paragraph 69
  728. Education Reform Act 1988 (c. 40)
  729. 70Paragraph 70 Repealed
  730. 71Paragraph 71
  731. 72Paragraph 72
  732. 73Paragraph 73
  733. 74Paragraph 74
  734. 76Paragraph 76 Repealed
  735. 77Paragraph 77
  736. 79Paragraph 79
  737. 80Paragraph 80
  738. 81Paragraph 81
  739. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48)
  740. 83Paragraph 83
  741. Children Act 1989 (c. 41)
  742. 84Paragraph 84 Repealed
  743. 85Paragraph 85
  744. 86Paragraph 86 Repealed
  745. 87Paragraph 87
  746. 88Paragraph 88 Repealed
  747. 89Paragraph 89 Repealed
  748. 90Paragraph 90
  749. 91Paragraph 91
  750. 92Paragraph 92
  751. 93Paragraph 93
  752. 94Paragraph 94
  753. Local Government and Housing Act 1989 (c. 42)
  754. 95Paragraph 95
  755. 97Paragraph 97 Repealed
  756. Education (Student Loans) Act 1990 (c. 6)
  757. 98Paragraph 98
  758. Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (c. 8)
  759. 99Paragraph 99
  760. Environmental Protection Act 1990 (c. 43)
  761. 100Paragraph 100
  762. School Teachers’ Pay and Conditions Act 1991 (c. 49)
  763. 101Paragraph 101 Repealed
  764. ...
  765. 103Paragraph 103 Repealed
  766. 104Paragraph 104 Repealed
  767. 105Paragraph 105 Repealed
  768. 106Paragraph 106 Repealed
  769. 107Paragraph 107 Repealed
  770. Further and Higher Education Act 1992 (c. 13)
  771. 108Paragraph 108 Repealed
  772. 109Paragraph 109
  773. 110Paragraph 110
  774. 111Paragraph 111
  775. 112Paragraph 112 Repealed
  776. 113Paragraph 113 Repealed
  777. 114Paragraph 114
  778. 115Paragraph 115
  779. 116Paragraph 116
  780. 117Paragraph 117
  781. Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 (c. 53)
  782. 118Paragraph 118
  783. Charities Act 1993 (c. 10)
  784. 119Paragraph 119 Repealed
  785. 120Paragraph 120
  786. 121Paragraph 121 Repealed
  787. Welsh Language Act 1993 (c. 38)
  788. 122Paragraph 122 Repealed
  789. ...
  790. 123Paragraph 123 Repealed
  791. 124Paragraph 124 Repealed
  792. Value Added Tax Act 1994 (c. 23)
  793. 125Paragraph 125
  794. Education Act 1994 (c. 30)
  795. 126Paragraph 126
  796. 127Paragraph 127
  797. 128Paragraph 128
  798. Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (c. 50)
  799. 129Paragraph 129 Repealed
  800. Employment Rights Act 1996 (c. 18)
  801. 130Paragraph 130
  802. Nursery Education and Grant-Maintained Schools Act 1996 (c. 57)
  803. 131Paragraph 131 Repealed
  804. 132Paragraph 132
  805. Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (c. 12)
  806. 133Paragraph 133
  807. Agriculture (Safety, Health and Welfare Provisions) Act 1956 (c. 49)
  808. 134Paragraph 134
  809. Factories Act 1961 (c. 34)
  810. 135Paragraph 135
  811. Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 (c. 18)
  812. 136Paragraph 136
  813. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (c. 65)
  814. 137Paragraph 137
  815. Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates’ Courts Act 1978 (c. 22)
  816. 138Paragraph 138
  817. Employment Act 1989 (c. 38)
  818. 139Paragraph 139
  819. Schedule 38: Repeals and revocations
  820. IRepeals coming into force on 1st November 1996
  821. IIRepeals coming into force on appointed day
  822. IIIRevocations
  823. Schedule 39: Transitional provisions and savings
  824. Part I: General
  825. General transitional provisions
  826. 1Paragraph 1
  827. Extension of references to provisions repealed by Education Act 1993
  828. 2Paragraph 2
  829. Construction of pre-1944 Act references
  830. 3Paragraph 3
  831. 4Paragraph 4
  832. Effect of old transitional provisions and savings
  833. 5Paragraph 5
  834. 6Paragraph 6
  835. Use of existing forms etc.
  836. 7Paragraph 7
  837. Pre-commencement offences
  838. 8Paragraph 8
  839. Part II: Specific provisions
  840. Governing bodies of local authority-maintained schools
  841. 9Paragraph 9
  842. 10Paragraph 10
  843. 11Paragraph 11
  844. Special agreement schools
  845. 12Paragraph 12
  846. Proposals to establish etc. maintained or grant-maintained schools
  847. 13Paragraph 13
  848. Review of constitution of governing bodies
  849. 14Paragraph 14
  850. Confirmation of certain decisions of governing body
  851. 15Paragraph 15 Repealed
  852. Review of grouping
  853. 16Paragraph 16
  854. Financial delegation
  855. 17Paragraph 17
  856. 18Paragraph 18
  857. School sessions
  858. 19Paragraph 19
  859. Exclusion of pupils
  860. 20Paragraph 20
  861. School premises: pre-1993 Act transfer of control agreements
  862. 21Paragraph 21
  863. Variation of trust deeds etc.
  864. 22Paragraph 22
  865. Ballots relating to acquisition of grant-maintained status
  866. 23Paragraph 23
  867. Instruments and articles for grant-maintained schools incorporated under pre-1993 Act law
  868. 24Paragraph 24
  869. 25Paragraph 25
  870. 26Paragraph 26
  871. Appeal committees
  872. 27Paragraph 27
  873. 28Paragraph 28
  874. 29Paragraph 29
  875. 30Paragraph 30
  876. Maintenance etc. grants
  877. 31Paragraph 31
  878. 32Paragraph 32
  879. 33Paragraph 33
  880. Assessments and statements of special educational needs
  881. 34Paragraph 34
  882. Applications relating to special schools
  883. 35Paragraph 35
  884. Contracts of staff transferred to School Curriculum and Assessment Authority or Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales
  885. 36Paragraph 36
  886. Information about directions under section 365
  887. 37Paragraph 37
  888. Review of conclusions about policy relating to curriculum
  889. 38Paragraph 38
  890. Agreed syllabuses of religious education
  891. 39Paragraph 39
  892. Arrangements for collective worship
  893. 40Paragraph 40
  894. Disqualification for purposes of Part VII
  895. 41Paragraph 41
  896. Chairmen of Independent Schools Tribunals
  897. 42Paragraph 42
  898. Training grants
  899. 43Paragraph 43
  900. Education committees etc. and members of those committees
  901. 44Paragraph 44
  902. Documents issued by divisional executives
  903. 45Paragraph 45
  904. Part III: Miscellaneous savings etc.
  905. 46Handicapped children
  906. Byelaws under Children and Young Persons Act 1933
  907. 47Paragraph 47
  908. Disputes as to property transferred by virtue of 1944 Act
  909. 48Paragraph 48
  910. Modifications of deeds made prior to Education Act 1973
  911. 49Paragraph 49
  912. Instruments made prior to Local Government Act 1972
  913. 50Paragraph 50
  914. Part IV: Interpretation
  915. 51Paragraph 51
  916. Schedule 40
  917. Compulsory school age: general
  918. 1Paragraph 1
  919. Section 231: powers of governing body of grant-maintained school
  920. 2Paragraph 2
  921. Section 318: provision by LEAs of goods and services
  922. 3Paragraph 3
  923. Sections 336 and 476: disapplication of arbitration legislation
  924. 4Paragraph 4
  925. Section 355: the “key stages”
  926. 5Paragraph 5
  927. Section 357: implementation of National Curriculum
  928. 6Paragraph 6
  929. Section 433: time for admission of pupils
  930. 7Paragraph 7
  931. Sections 457, 512 and 534: jobseeker’s allowances
  932. 8Paragraph 8
  933. Section 560: work experience
  934. 9Paragraph 9
  935. Section 578 and Schedule 37: “the Education Acts”; consequential amendments
  936. 10Paragraph 10
  937. Meaning of “the relevant commencement date”
  938. 11Paragraph 11
  939. Schedule: TABLE OF DERIVATIONS
  940. 1Notes:
  941. 2Paragraph 2
  942. Acts of Parliament
  943. Subordinate legislation
  944. 3Paragraph 3
  945. 4Paragraph 4
  946. 5Paragraph 5